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Doctrine holding that states retained the authority to override unconstitutional acts of the federal government.
Nullification
Act of Congress authorizing the forcible relocation of remaining Native American tribes to United States territory west of the Mississippi River.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Tennessee planter nicknamed "Old Hickory" who commanded American forces at the Battle of New Orleans and served as the seventh President of the United States.
Andrew Jackson
Kentucky statesman who developed the American System, served as Speaker of the House, and authored the Missouri Compromise.
Henry Clay
1837 invention by Samuel Morse that permitted near instantaneous transmission of messages by wire.
Telegraph
Inventor of the steamboat allowing for relatively rapid upstream navigation of American river systems.
Robert Fulton
Model for textile production involving vertical integration of all involved processes and on premises residence of workforce.
Waltham-Lowell System
Early 19th century transition from subsistence economy to production for markets facilitated by developments in technology and transportation.
Market Revolution
Enslaved Virginian whose armed rebellion in 1831 led to repressive measures against both enslaved and free black Americans in slaveholding states.
Nat Turner
Former slave known for his writings and orations in support of abolition and universal suffrage.
Frederick Douglass
Founder of Mormonism who led his community from New York to Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois until his death in 1844.
Joseph Smith
Early 19th century Protestant revival movement characterized by outdoor camp meetings led by itinerant preachers such as Charles Grandison Finney.
Second Great Awakening
1848 meeting convened by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and others to advocate for women's social and civil rights including political suffrage.
Seneca Falls Convention
Model of incarceration focused on moral reform of offenders rather than punishment.
Penitentiary
Reform movement in response to growing levels of alcohol consumption and related ills in American society.
Temperance
1848 agreement that ended the Mexican War and ceded much of present day California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona to the United States.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
2,000 mile overland route connecting Missouri and settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah.
Oregon Trail
Hero of the Mexican War elected as President as the Whig nominee in 1848.
Zachary Taylor
Unsuccessful proposal introduced by Pennsylvania Congressman in 1846 to ban slavery in any territories acquired during the Mexican War.
Wilmot Proviso
Term coined by editor John O'Sullivan to encapsulate the popular belief in America's divine right to expand westward.
Manifest Destiny
Spanish mission besieged and captured by Mexican forces in 1836 during the Texas Revolution.
Alamo
Abolitionist author of influential novel Uncle Tom's Cabin exposing readers to the realities of American chattel slavery.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Approach to slavery question that allowed citizens of new territories to vote on whether slavery would be permitted therein.
Popular Sovereignty
1854 Act of Congress repealing the Missouri Compromise and providing for voters to determine the status of slavery in the involved territories.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1857 Supreme Court decision holding that black Americans, whether enslaved or free, were not citizens and had no standing to sue in federal courts.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Attempt by Congress to address the slavery question by admitting California as a free state but leaving open the status of slavery in the Utah and New Mexico territories while strengthening the Fugitive Slave Act.
Compromise of 1850
Mid-19th century network of safe houses and escape routes that facilitated the smuggling of enslaved persons to freedom in northern states and Canada.
Underground Railroad
Military installation guarding Charleston harbor whose bombardment in 1861 commenced the Civil War.
Fort Sumter
Former Illinois Congressman elected President as the Republican nominee in 1860 and assassinated in April 1865.
Abraham Lincoln
Abolitionist assault on federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, to seize arms in support of a general slave uprising.
John Brown's Raid
Site of 1863 battle memorialized by Lincoln's battlefield address that ended Confederate foray into Union territory.
Gettysburg
American general who captured Vicksburg, accepted Lee's surrender, and later served as President.
Ulysses S. Grant
Four slaveholding states whose geographic position, population, and manufacturing base made their retention in the Union a critical focus of the Lincoln administration.
Border States
Site of April 1865 surrender of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia that effectively marked the end of the Civil War.
Appomattox
Presidential order freeing all slaves in American states under rebellion effective January 1, 1863.
Emancipation Proclamation
July 1863 reaction by working class and immigrant New Yorkers to increased Union conscription undercut by exemptions for the wealthy.
Draft Riots
Acts of Congress passed in 1867 dividing the former Confederate states into military districts and setting conditions for their readmission to the union.
Reconstruction Acts
Amended the United States Constitution to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude.
13th Amendment
Amended the United States Constitution to grant citizenship to all natural born Americans and to guarantee them equal protection under its laws.
14th Amendment
Use of intimidation and violence by mobs affiliated with the Democratic Party to drive Republicans from power in 1874 as copied in other former Confederate states.
Mississippi Plan
Relief agency established during the Civil War to administer confiscated lands and provide education and emergency assistance to former slaves.
Freedmen's Bureau
Black civil rights advocate who helped found the NAACP and encouraged focus on enforcement of equal legal and political rights for black Americans.
W. E B. DuBois
Laws adopted by former Confederate states in late 1865 to restrict the economic, social, and political status of former slaves.
Black Codes
Amended the United States Constitution to grant black American males the right to vote.
15th Amendment
Black American educator who advocated for internal economic and educational development prior to challenging social and political segregation.
Booker T. Washington
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