Distribution Exam 2

goals for transport packaging

try to recreate what the package is experiencing

the hazards the package is experiencing (2)

• forces

• damage

why test packaged product in a lab? (3)

• controlled environment

• repeatable

• watch package and product pass/fail

benefits of a controlled environment? (2)

• isolate particular hazards or intensity level

• test reps the hazards in distribution in a controlled environment

benefits of testing being repeatable?

compare multiple packages and products easily

benefits of Watching package and product pass/fail? (2)

•Determine over-packaging or how to redesign

•Verify design of protective packaging, shipping containers, and systems

engineering/development testing

Individual tests to determine the adequacy of protection against selected hazard during the DEVELOPMENT of a package design

examples of engineering/development testing

•Determination of a critical drop height with a drop tester

•Compression testing a sample to failure

•Water vapor transmission testing

•Seal strength testing

Natural Frequency determination

performance/simulation testing

Combination of tests that are designed to best represent the distribution environment

examples of performance/simulation testing

• ISTA 2A

  • Atmospheric testing

  • Compression

  • Vibration

  • Shock

  • Vibration (2^nd round)

• Pass/fail

types of performance tests (3)

• integrity test

• general simulation test

• focused simulation test

integrity test

• simplest

• Comparing relative performance of package A to B to C when exposed to common distribution hazards

• NOT specific to a certain distribution system

general simulation test

Simulate damage potential in a generic distribution system

focused simulation test

• difficult, more expensive

• Simulate damage potential from actual-field measured hazards

organizations that publish test standards for packaging (6)

•ASTM

•ISTA

•ISO

•DOT- hazardous

•TAPPI- related to corrugate

•NMFTA

ASTM international publishes standards that define: (5)

•Terminology

•Practices

•Test methods

•Specifications

•Guides and classification

which organization?

•Voluntary

•30,000 members

•130 committees

•regulating concrete, amusement park rides, sports equipment, etc.

ASTM

ASTM standards used in packaging (5)

• D642

• D880

• D999

• D5276

• D5487

ASTM standards for simulation of distribution hazards (2)

• D4169

• D7386

assurance levels I, II, III ascend in what order?

most (I) to least (III) severe

which level would the drop height be highest?

level 1

Is ISTA bigger or smaller than ASTM?

• smaller

• 6-8 staff members

what is ISO?

International Organization for Standardization

Who is this?

•Publish standards, technical reports, technical specifications, and guides

•Started in 1947- 163 Country members

•Largest developer of voluntary international standards

ISO (international organization for standardization)

who?

•Governs hazardous material packaging for all modes of transport

•49 CFR

DOT

TAPPI

Technical Association for the Pulp and Paper Industry

who?

•The largest international group of technical experienced people in the industry

•The most comprehensive collection of reliable technical information and knowledge in the industry

•The highest quality products and services created to meet the needs of people who solve technical problems in the industry

TAPPI (Technical Association for the Pulp and Paper Industry)

NMFTA

National Motor Freight Traffic Association

who?

• Made up of 1,100 motor freight carriers

• Regulated by the DOT

• Determine codes of pricing truck transport

• Define and specify packaging- Item 222

  • Box Requirements (size/weight limits, material specs, etc….)

• Publish two performance test specifications

  • Item 180 – LTL

  • Item 181 - Furniture

NMFTA

Which ASTM standard?

•Test for the ability of a container to withstand impacts (Procedure A) and the ability of a container to protect its contents (Procedure B)

•An apparatus having a guided carriage capable of holding a test container or shipping unit impacts into a rigid impact surface (backstop) with or without hazards at a predetermined impact velocity

•PA- carried out until failure

•PB- predetermined number of impacts

•Purpose: simulate shock that could occur during handling and shipping to determine whether the container can protect its contents

D880

when does shock happen? give a few examples

•Shock happens during drops

•A kick when a mechanical arm hits the package to move it from one station to the next

•Tossing of the package

most common method for shock simulation: small packages

free fall drop

most common method for shock simulation: larger packages/unitized loads

incline or horizontal impact tester

most common method for shock simulation: drums or pails

quick-release hook in conjunction with a rope or sling

most common method for shock simulation: unitized load

rotational edge drops, corner drops, rotational flat drops

which hazard simulation?

Simulate the manual handling drops of an impact for which the equivalent free fall drop height can be determined

• free fall drop

  • EFFDH

name this free fall drop test

swing arm and swing leaf

name this free fall drop test

falling platen

• used for large/oversized packages

name this free fall drop test

quick release drop tester

• large packages

• pallet loads

methods of testing: free fall drop test (3)

• constant drop height (performance test)

• progressive drop height (engineering test)

• up and down

which method of testing?

• Specify drop height, number of drops, and drop orientation

• Pass/Fail

constant drop height (performance test)

which method of testing?

• Increase drop height until failure occurs

• Use same sample through test (must take into account cumulative damage)

• Can get a critical drop height where it fails

Progressive drop height (Engineering Test)

which method of testing?

• Start at a drop height, test, if failure reduce drop height and test a new sample. If pass, increase drop height and test new sample

• No cumulative damage effect

up and down

only hazard you will always encounter?

vibration

3 types of vibration

• fixed displacement/repetitive shock

  • oldest

  • rotary motion

  • vertical motion

• resonance by sine, sweep, and dwell

• random vibration

Determine critical frequency for which we see resonance in our product

why vibration testing needed?

simple harmonic motion

Method A1

• acceleration up to 1G

• Vertical motion

Method A2

• rotary motion

Liquid product used as example b/c it has diff results

engineering/development b/c it gives us a frequency value

engineering/development or performance/simulation testing?

•Determine resonance frequencies of critical product components

•Dwell the vibration table at 2 or 3 of the most intense magnification frequencies for a determined period of time

•Restrain sample to the table

• mechanical (won’t do random vibration)

• servo-hydraulic (most common)

• electro-dynamic

types of vibration tables (3)

• servo-hydraulic (most common)

which random vibration table?

•3-300 Hz

•Larger tables have lower frequency ranges

•Can handle larger weight, good for package testing

•Stroke is 6+ inches

electro-dynamic

which random vibration table?

•Large speaker

•5-2000 Hz

•Small stroke, usually 2-3 inches, bad for heavy weight, can get higher frequency ranges

•Good for high frequency product testing

•Area under the curve is largest amount of energy

•Yellow brackets: not where vertical is the largest, lateral is

•Care because it exceeds the vertical energy

•Could arrive damaged if we only tested for vertical and not lateral

•Could be resonance frequency for that product at lateral frequency

why do we care about the area in yellow brackets?

pros: decreased time

cons: possible over-testing

pros and cons of time compression?

time compression of random vibration formula

• warehouses

• vehicles

forces are encountered in which 2 areas?

static (warehouse, compression from fatigue)

dynamic (planes, trains)

2 types of compression testing?

static

ASTM D4577 or constant load testing is what type of test?

•Predetermined Load

•Apply load for a specified time – several hours to 1 month

•Record the deflection before and after testing

•Good for multi-material packages

•Determine compressive forces over time

•Interested in deflection over time

quasi-static (dynamic) testing

ASTM D642 is what kind of test?

•Screw or hydraulic piston driven

•Platen moves at a rate of 0.5 in/min (slow)

•Two types of test modes

•Apply & Release

•Apply certain amount of load and then release

•Performance testing (pass/fail)

•Compress to Failure

•Engineering testing (keep pressing until we see failure)

• fixed: strongest corner

• floating: weakest corner, good for non-traditional containers

two types of platen settings and what they test?

to ensure you get accurate compression strength

when doing large box compression, why do you want to continue compressing?

true dynamic testing

example of what?

–Calculate a load equal to everything above the bottom case = Dead Load

–Apply dead load to test sample and run on random vibration table for a period of time

–Determine Pass/Fail

–Shortfalls of this method:

•Different dynamics

•Different loading

Custom fixtures

non-equivalent equivalents

Precondition samples to level the playing field

do you precondition samples or condition at standard and elevate test level?

environmental testing

type of testing for temperature and humidity affect packaging materials

plastic

which material?

susceptible to temp fluctuation

paper

which material?

susceptible to water/humidity

• cryogenic

• frozen food storage

• refrigerated storage

• standard conditions

• tropical

• desert

• temp high humidity

types of ASTM conditions (name 4)

• cold, humid

• controlled conditions

• hot, humid

• extreme heat, dry

types of ISTA conditions (name 4)

combined environment testing

Two or more hazards combined in a laboratory in a way that simulated their combined effect during distribution

combined environment testing

examples of what?

• temp/rh

• cold temp/impact

• altitude/temp

• altitude/vibration