exam 2

digestive system, respiratory system, (ch 6-)

bilirubin

orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and excreted in the feces

bolus

mass of masticated food to swallow

exocrine

gland that secreted products through ducts to surface of organ or tissue or into a vessel

sphincter

circular band of muscle fibers that constricts or closes a passage of the body

triglycerides

organic compound; made of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids

bucc/o

cheek

mastication

chewing; mechanical breakdown of food

deglutition

moving bolus to the back of the mouth for swallowing

pharynx

throat

uvula

v-shaped structure in mouth

or/o

mouth; greek

stomat/o

mouth; greek

gloss/o

tongue; greek

lingu/o

tongue; latin

cheil/o

lip; greek

labi/o

lip; latin

dent/o

teeth; latin

odont/o

teeth

orth/o

straight

gingiv/o

gums

sial/o

saliva, salivary gland

-lith

stone, calculus

esophag/o

esophagus

pharyng/o

pharynx/throat

tonsill/o

tonsil

pylor/o

pylorus

duoden/o

duodenum; first part of small intestine

enter/o

intestine

jejun/o

jejunum; second part of small intestine

ile/o

ileum; third part of small intestine

append/o

appendix

appendic/o

appendix

col/o

colon

colon/o

colon

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

rect/o

rectum

proct/o

anus, rectum

an/o

anus

hepat/o

liver

pancreat/o

pancreas

cholangi/o

bile vessel

chol/e

bile, gall

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

choledoch/o

bile duct

-emesis

vomit

-iasis

abnormal condition produced by something specific

-megaly

enlargement

-orexia

appetite

-pepsia

digestion

-phagia

swallowing, eating

-prandial

meal

-rrhea

discharge, flow

dia-

through, across

peri-

around

sub-

under, below

strangulated hernia

hernia without blood supply; leads to necrosis

diaphragmatic hernia

congenital disorder; hernia

hiatal hernia

lower part of esophagus and top of stomach slide through opening

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

caused by stomach acid reflux into esophagus as a result of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

hepatitis A

infectious hepatitis; ingestion of contaminated items

hepatitis B

serum hepatitis; blood transfusion or sexual contact

diverticulosis

small, blister-like pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestine

obstipation

extreme constipation

anorexia

lack or loss of appetite, inability to eat

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity, result of chronic liver disease, neoplasm, or inflammatory disorder in the abdomen

borborygmus

rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

cachexia

physical wasting that includes loss of weight, muscle mass, and is associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cancer; aka wasting syndrome

cholelithiasis

presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder

cirrhosis

scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease

crohn disease

form of IBD; usually of illeum and portions of intestinal tract

dysentery

inflammation of the intestine, especially in the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food with chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites; results in bloody diarrhea

flatus

gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially in the anus

halitosis

foul smelling breath

hematemesis

vomiting of blood from stomach or esophagus bleeding

hemorrhoids

swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal

intestinal obstruction

mechanical or functional blockage of intestines that occurs when contents of intestine cannot move forward through intestinal tract because of a partial or complete blockage of the bowel

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause can be determines

malabsorption syndrome

symptom complex of small intestine characterized by impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph

melena

dark, tarlike feces that contain digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach

obesity

excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards; 20% or more above ideal body weight

morbid

obesity in which BMI is greater than 40 and generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight

oral leukoplakia

formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation

-plakia

plaque

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

pyloric stenosis

narrowing of pyloric sphincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

regurgitation

a backward flow, as in return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

ulcerative colitis

inflammatory disease of the colon; begins in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extending upward into entire colon

gastrointestinal endoscopy

visual exam of gastrointestinal tract using a fiberoptic instrument with a magnification lens and light source

hepatitis panel

panel of blood tests that identifies specific virus; hepatitis A, B, or C; tests serum using antibodies of these antigens

liver function tests

group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, function, and conditions associated with biliary tract

serum bilirubin

measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood

stool culture

test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feeces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection

stool guaiac

test that applies guaiac to a stool sample to detect hidden blood in feces

computed tomography

imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

lower gastrointestinal series

radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum

oral cholecystography

radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

special MRI technique that produces detailed images of the hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems, including the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and pancreatic duct

ultrasonography

test in which high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure