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Kinship
Social relationships based on blood or marriage.
Status
Position within a cultural hierarchy.
Role
Set of expected behaviors in a status.
Consanguinal ties
Blood relationships within a family.
Affinal ties
Connections through marriage or partnership.
Chosen kin
Non-biological relationships resembling family bonds.
Patrilineal descent
Inheritance traced through the father's line.
Matrilineal descent
Inheritance traced through the mother's line.
Bilateral descent
Inheritance from both maternal and paternal sides.
Endogamy
Marriage within a specific social group.
Exogamy
Marriage outside a specified group.
Nuclear family
Two parents and their children living together.
Extended family
Three or more generations living together.
Stem family
Couple and one adult child with family.
Joint family
Large extended family with multiple generations.
Polygamy
Marriage involving more than two partners.
Polygyny
One man married to multiple women.
Polyandry
One woman married to multiple men.
Dowry
Payment made to groom's family at marriage.
Bride wealth
Payment made to bride's family at marriage.
Matrilocal residence
Couple lives with wife's family.
Patrilocal residence
Couple lives with husband's family.
Communication
Process of sending and receiving meaningful messages.
Language
System of symbols with shared meanings.
Ethnosemantics
the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences in particular cultural contexts
Rituals
Ceremonial acts performed in cultural contexts.
kinship terminology
the terms used in a language to describe relatives
Family of Orientation vs. Family of Procreation
Family into which one is born, and family one creates through and following marriage
avuncular residence
couples live with the maternal uncle of the husband
two-spirit
an alternative gender role in native North America
Adopted daughter marriage
Daughters adopted to become future daughters-in-law.
Language vs. Communication
differences and distinctions between symbol systems/methods of conveying information
Formal properties of human language
Sounds, vocab, syntax
Non-verbal forms of communication
Sign language
-Posture and gait
Facial expressions
Eye contact
Gestures
Sounds
Territoriality and personal space
Personal appearance
-Silence
Critical media journalism/theory
Critical media theory is an analytical framework that examines the relationship between media, culture, and society, focusing on how media influences power structures and social dynamics.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
Sociolinguistics
study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language in its social context
Critical discourse analysis
an approach within linguistic anthropology that examines how power and social inequality are reflected and reproduced in communication
Why is studying supernatural beliefs challenging?
To study supernatural beliefs, anthropologists must cultivate a perspective of cultural relativism and strive to understand beliefs from an emic or insider's perspective. Imposing the definitions or assumptions from one culture on another is likely to lead to misunderstandings.
E.B. Tylor's definition of religion
belief in supernatural beings
Durkheim on religion
A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, i.e., things set apart and forbidden--beliefs and practices which unite in one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them.
4 characteristics of most belief systems
Cosmology
Supernatural
Rules governing behavior
Rituals
Examples of cosmology
Ancient greeks (Chaos)
Navajo (First Man & First Woman)
Genesis
Anthropomorphic vs zoomorphic
Anthro - human form/ Zoo - animal form
Animatism vs. Animism
Animatism is belief in impersonal supernatural force, animism is the belief plants, animals, and inanimate objects have souls
Monotheism vs. Polytheism
Monotheism is belief in one God and Polytheism is the belief in many Gods.
Priest vs shaman vs prophet
Shamans receive authority directly from supernatural beings through personal revelation, while priests inherit authority through religious traditions and rituals. Prophets have authority based on personal charisma and receiving divine revelations, which they use to challenge the status quo.
Relationship b/w religion and magic
In anthropology, religion is generally considered to be more communal and social, while magic is more individualistic and private. Religion is often associated with faith and worship, while magic is associated with manipulation and control.
Marriage rules
Norms specifying who can marry whom in a society, and when.
What is marriage
no definition of marriage broad enough to apply easily to all societies and situations
-establishes legal parentage of children
-gives spouses rights
Pigdin
A simplified form of speech developed from two or more languages
Creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
Vertical function of kinship
The way in which all kinship systems tend to provide social continuity by binding together different generations.
Horizontal function of kinship
The ways in which all kinship systems, by requiring people to marry outside their own small kinship group, function to integrate the total society through marriage bonds between otherwise unrelated kin groups.
Kinship charts
how anthropologists record kinship systems
Spiritual/fictive kinship
chosen family, foster parents etc
cross-cousin marriage
marriage between an individual and the child of his or her mother's brother or father's sister
parallel cousin marriage
marriage between the children of a parent's same-sex siblings (mother's sisters, father's brothers)
What is language's 5 characteristics
Symbolic/arbitrary/systematic/shared/learned
Descriptive linguistics
the study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning
1st paradigm of language
Documentation, grammar description, classification
2nd paradigm of language
language is studied in the context of the situation and relative to the community speaking it
3rd paradigm of language
investigations of personal and social identities
shared ideologies
construction of narrative interactions among individuals
Strong linguistic determinism
language determines thought; opposite of universalism
Weak linguistic determinism
language influences thought, also called Whorfian hypothesis (relativity)
Religion as evolution
Animism -> Polytheism -> Monotheism -> Science (Tylor)
Functionalist approach to religion
Religion is a set of symbols (Geertz)
Religious pluralism
the condition in which one or more religions coexist either as complementary to each other or as competing systems
Religious syncretism
The attempt to reconcile or blend the beliefs and practices of various religions into one.
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
Note 
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