VET 410 Ch 9-10A

When is the best time to collect a sample for a UA?

When is the best time to collect a sample for a UA?

First thing in the morning

Ways of urine collection include?

Free-catch, bladder expression, catheterization, and cystocentesis

Why is it important that if urine is refrigerated that it is allowed to warm to room temp?

Reagent pads for UA are enzyme based and temperature can cause tests to be slower and less acurate

Preanalytical errors in UA include?

• Inappropriate collection

• Contamination

• Analyze from any surface

Analytical errors during a UA include?

• Delay in performing

• Failure to mix sample prior to testing

• Failure to adequately resuspend sample

3 Parts to a UA are?

1. Evaluation of Physical Properties

2. Chemical exam

3. Microscopic examination of urinary sediment

Normal color of urine is?

Clear and light to dark yellow in color

Horse and rabbit urine is?

Cloudy and can be reddish

Most common abnormal colors of urine are?

red, red-brown, red orange, and orange?

Red/brown/orange colors of urine relate to?

Presence of erythrocytes or heme pigments

Hematuria is?

Bright red blood in the urine

Hemoglobinuria is?

Hemohlobin in the urine

Myoglobinuria is?

Myoglobin from muscles in the urine

Fresh urine that is cloudy is often?

Pathogenic

USG depends on?

soluable particles in urine

Urine is concentrated in dogs at SG?

>1.030

Urine is considered concentrated in cats at SG?

>1.035

Isothenuria is?

Specific gravity of urine between 1.008-1.012

Isothenuria indicates?

Tubules in the kidneys have not attempted to concentrate urine

Chemical evaluation of urine includes?

• pH

• Ketones

• Protein

• Glucose

• Bilirubin

• Blood

Most healthy dogs and cats have a urine pH of?

6.5-7.2

Ketonuria indicates?

Excessive fat metabolism or deficiency in carbohydrate metabolism

Ketonuria is commonly seen in conjunction with?

Glucosuria caused by diabetes mellitus

If bilirubin is present it indicated damage to which organ?

Liver

Hyperglycemia is?

Excessive amounts of glucose in the blood

If protein leaks out in excessive amounts it indicates damage where in the kidneys?

Urine sediment is?

Formed elements in urine sediment

Erythrocytes look like in unstained sediment?

Colorless-yellowish, round, with no internal structure

Presence of 5-8 WBCs per HPF indicates?

Inflammation of urinary or urogenital tract

What type of bacteria can be seen in patients with an infection of the urinary tract?

Rods and cocci

Which type of bacteria seen in UTI is most common?

Rods and they are progressively motile

Cocci bacteria in UTI have what appearance?

Chains or clusters and are non-motile

If bacteria is present in urinary tract then — will also be present?

Leukocytes

Pyuria is?

neutrophils in the urine

Most common fungal element in urine is?

Yeast

Which parasite can be found in urine?

Bladder worm (Capillaria pica or C. felis)

Urinary casts are?

"Literal “casts” of the tubules in which they are formed?

Types of casts include?

1. Cellular

2. Granular

3. Hyaline

Cellular casts are?

Casts consisting of WBCs, RBCs, or renal tubular epithelial cells

Hyaline casts are?

Clear, colorless, refractile casts that consist of protein

Most common type of cast is?

Granular cast

Granular casts are?

yellow/brown casts made of degenerate cellular debris

WBC cast is indicative of?

Pyelonephritis and significant inflammation

RBC cast is indicative of?

Hemorrhage in renal tubules

Epithelia casts indicate?

Acute sloughing of renal tubular epithelial cells

Waxy casts indicate?

Chronic renal disease with low GFR

The largest cast is?

Waxy cast

Waxy casts are?

Casts made form lipids in cell membranes that are clear, colorless, and refractile with cracks at edges

Fatty casts are most common in?

Cats

Urolith is?

Stone in the bladder

Nephrolith is?

Stone in the kidney

Struvite crystal is also called?

Triple phosphate

most common crystal is?

Struvite

Ammonium biurate crystal look like?

brown with uneven spikes

Ammonium biurate crystals indicate?

Liver damage, high ammonia, portosytemic shunt

Calcium dihydrate crystals are indicative are?

Hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism

Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are indcative of?

Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity

T/F: Bilirubin crystals are rare and abnormal in dogs

False