Cell Communication

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Cell signaling

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35 Terms

1

Cell signaling

one cell makes a signal and affects a cell

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2

Chemical messengers

direct contact and local and long distance signaling

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3

direct contact

direct translation, tunnels, attach to communicate

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4

Local and long distance signaling

close or far away from production

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5

autocrine

cell makes messenger and is affected

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6

paracrine

affects neighboring cell

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7

endocrine

affects cells at some distance

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8

Phases of cell signaling

reception, transduction, and response

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9

reception

signaling molecule binds to receptors

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10

transduction

receptor changes shape and relay molecules are activated across pathway

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11

receptor

transmembrane protein, commonly found in plasma membrane and bind to certain signaling molecules

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12

response

depends on molecule and type of cell, some change occure

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13

ligand

signaling molecules, bound to receptor, changes shape, “lock and key fit”

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14

agonists

binds to receptor and activates it, triggers response

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15

antagonists

binds to receptor and inhibits receptor activation

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16

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

when binded and activated to ligand, g protein binds to GDP, agonist binds and triggers interaction with g protein, GDP leaves, GTP binds to g protein, moves, and interacts with enzyme

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17

receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

receptors with kinase activity, bind to agonist and proteins form dimers and when activated phosphorylate each other, recruits other signaling molecules

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18

GTP

active g protein, eventually exchanged with GDP to rest

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19

Ligand gated ion channels

transports ions across a membrane, signaling molecule opens gate, CNS role

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20

intracellular hormone receptors

found in cytosol/plasm, steroids bind to receptors, normally inactive, agonist must be able to get inside, cell can make genes

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21

steroids in receptors

hydrophobic so can get inside

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22

transduction

-Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
-Cell signaling is usually a multistep process
- Multistep pathways can greatly amplify a signal

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23

second messengers

small molecules and ions

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24

kinases

protein phosphorylation

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25

phosphatases

dephosphorylation

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26

second messengers participate in


pathways initiated by GCPRs and RTKs

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27

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

converts ATP to cAMP in response to extracellular signal, activates PKA, phosphorylates other proteins

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28

Adenylyl cyclase

enzyme in plasma membrane responsible for cAMP

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29

Calcium Ions and Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

calcium ions used, ca2+ concentration in cytosol lower than outside of the cell

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30

IP3 formula

phspholipase C —> PIP2 —> DAG and IP3

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31

response

signal transduction pathway leads to regulation of one or more cell activities

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32

Response Types

regulation of gene expression, enzyme activity, and cellular activity

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33

Termination of signal

dephosphorylation and signaling molecule degradation

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34

signaling molecule degradation

ubiquitination and ubiquitin ligases mark for destruction in proteosome

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35

PIP2

regulates function of ion channels

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