8th Grade Ultimate Social Studies Vocabulary Flashcards Set 4b

Civil Disobedience

The refusal to obey certain laws or government demands for the purpose of influencing legislation or government policy--nonviolent, peaceful. Examples: boycott, picketing, nonpayment of taxes.

Boycott

Refusing to buy goods from a certain country.

Unalienable Rights

Rights that cannot or should not be taken away by a government because they are God given; examples: Life, Liberty, Pursuit of happiness.

First Great Awakening

A period of great revivalism that spread throughout the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. It deemphasized the importance of church doctrine and instead put a greater importance on the individual and their spiritual experience.

George Washington

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and first President of the United States.

Mayflower Compact

Signed by many pilgrims, helped establish the idea of self-government

Loyalists

American colonists who stayed loyal to Great Britain.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First example of a constitution in the colonies.

Samuel Adams

Boston Patriot who opposed British taxation. He established the committee of correspondence. Leader of the Sons of Liberty.

Burgesses

Elected representatives to an assembly.

Mercantilism

Theory that a state or nation's power is dependent on its wealth.

Repeal

To cancel an act or law.

Thomas Hooker

Founder of the state of Connecticut, "Father of American Democracy. Connecticut adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Committee of Correspondence

Governments created in each colony before the revolution to organize resistance against the British.

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to gain independence from the British.

William Penn

Established Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers. He supported freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require residents to serve in a militia

Joint-Stock Company

A company in which investors buy stock in return for a share of its future profits.

House of Burgesses

1st Representative assembly in North America.

Anne Hutchinson

Banished from Massachusetts colony; one of the founders of Rhode Island.

Blockade

Using ships to prevent goods from leaving a harbor.

Benjamin Franklin

Author, publisher, inventor, founding father, and diplomat

Militia

Military force made up of ordinary citizens.

Representative Government

People chosen by the citizens to make decisions on their behalf and to represent them in the legislative assembly.

Toleration

The acceptance of different beliefs.

Indentured Servants

Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America.

Alexander Hamilton

New York delegate to the Constitutional convention, major author of the Federalist papers, and first secretary of the treasury of the United States.

Writs of Assistance

A legal document that allowed officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled.

Protective Tariff

Tax on imported goods to protect the American economy.

Separation of Powers

Divides the powers of the federal government into 3 branches: Legislative, Executive, & Judicial

Thomas Paine

Wrote "Common Sense" and "American Crisis", He urged Americans to support the Patriot cause during the American Revolution.

Nationalism

Love for one's country.

Checks and Balances

Makes sure no branch of the government becomes too powerful.

Marquis de Lafayette

French Noble who helped Americans during the Revolutionary War, especially during Valley Forge.

Embargo

A prohibition or blocking of trade with a certain country.

Federalism

Power is shared between the states and national government.

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Roger Williams

Political and religious leader best remembered for his strong stance on the separation of church and state and founding the colony of Rhode Island.

Impressment

Forcing people into service, as in the navy.

Limited Government

The power of the government is restricted by the U.S. Constitution.

Laissez Faire

Economic system where the government does not interfere.

States' Rights

Political powers reserved for the state, as opposed to the federal government.

Sedition

Activities aimed at weakening an established government.

Republicanism

A system where the people vote for elected representatives to run the government.

Tariff

A tax on imported goods.

Popular Sovereignty

The people hold the ultimate power.

Judicial Review

Right of Supreme Court to determine if a law violates the Constitution.

Individual Rights

Bill of Rights- 1st ten amendments to the Constitution.

Precedent

A tradition.

3/5's Compromise

Compromise between northern and southern states over how slaves would be counted in determining a state's population. Three out of every five slaves would be counted.

Necessary and Proper Clause

The right of Congress to make any laws that are needed to carry out their powers guaranteed in the Constitution.

Articles of Confederation

First form of government established by the 13 states. Replaced by the US Constitution because it created a weak form of central government.

Unconstitutional

Against the Constitution.

Constitution

The supreme law of the land in the United States. Written in 1787.

Amendment

An addition to a document.

Compromise

Agreement between two or more sides in which each side gives up some of what it wants

Ratification

Approval of a document or policy.

Federalist

Person who supported the US Constitution.

Due Process

Idea that the government must follow procedures established by law and guaranteed by the Constitution.

Anti-Federalist

Person who opposed the US Constitution.

Marbury v. Madison

Establishes judicial review (the Supreme Court can declare laws passed by Congress or action by the President unconstitutional.)

McCullough v. Maryland

Case concerning the national bank, established the power of the national government over the state governments.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Steamboat case about a monopoly. Establishes that the federal government is above the states in cases involving interstate commerce (trade.)

Worcester v. Georgia

Case concerning Indian Removal, Supreme Court rules Cherokee nation was a "distinct community", only the federal government had authority to deal with Native Americans (cannot take Native American lands unlawfully or create Native American laws).

Tariff of Abominations

Protective tax from 1828 to protect US industry. Strongly opposed by the South.

Erie Canal

Completed in 1825. It created a water route which linked farmers to northern manufacturing sites.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the war and Mexico recognizes Texas as a part of the U.S. and settles border dispute- Rio Grande the border

Urbanization

Social process where cities grow and societies become more urban.

Cede

To give land up by treaty.

The Northwest Ordinance

(1787) created an orderly procedure for establishing territories and applying for statehood.

Jacksonian Democracy

The main idea that as many people should be allowed to vote.

Mexican Cession

How we gained present day states of California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado.

Industrial Revolution

Beginning of mass production, interchangeable parts; lowers cost of goods; factory system; urbanization; deplorable work conditions

Spoils System

After an election government jobs are given to political supporters for the new president.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that America had the God-given right to expand across the continent from "sea to shining sea".

Secede

To leave the Union (United States).

Immigrants

People who settle in a new country.

Forty-Niner

Person who went to find gold in California in 1849.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

Factory System

Method of manufacturing in the Industrial Revolution, using machines and factories.

Push & Pull Factors

Force that pushed people out of their native land and pulled them toward new places.

Interchangeable Parts

The idea that manufactured goods could be quickly constructed and parts replaced by unskilled workers; parts that are identical and can be replaced. Invented by Eli Whitney

Skilled Workers

A worker who has a special skill or knowledge to complete a task.

Eli Whitney

An inventor who invented interchangeable parts and improved the cotton gin.

Robert Fulton

Improved the steamboat, and invented the Clermont.

Tariff of 1828

Passed by Congress that imposed very high duties on imports ( 62% tariff on 92% of imported goods). Southerners protested because it increased the cost of the manufactured good they bought. It was said to have been passed not to raise money but to protect the interests of Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern farmers.

William Marbury

Sued the US to get his papers to become Justice of the Peace

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Suffrage

The right to vote.

Sectionalism

Tension between the North and the South as each "section" of the country places its own interests above the country as a whole.

Grandfather Clause

Clause that allowed people who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before the Reconstruction began.

William Lloyd Garrison

An Abolitionist. Accomplishments include: Newspaper, "The Liberator", the New England Anti-Slavery Society

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national woman's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Literacy Tests

Method used to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring them to prove they could read and write.

Women's Rights Movement

Movement that sought the equal treatment of women, including the right to vote.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws.

Abolitionist Movement

The social movement to end slavery.

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

Commander in the Confederate army. His death was detrimental.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery.

Second Great Awakening

A period of religious revivalism in the 1800's that focused on reform and repairing moral injustices.