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Queen Nzinga
An Angolan queen who resisted Portuguese colonial expansion and slave trade in the 17th century.
Middle Passage
The brutal trans-Atlantic journey where enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas.
Engenho
Brazilian sugar plantations where enslaved people were forced to work under harsh conditions.
Capoeira
A martial art developed by enslaved Africans in Brazil disguised as a dance.
Afonso I
A Kongolese king who initially cooperated with Portuguese traders but later protested against the slave trade.
Maroons
Communities of escaped enslaved people who established independent settlements.
Ptolemy
Ancient astronomer who developed the geocentric model of the universe.
Louis XIV
French 'Sun King' who exemplified absolute monarchy.
Adam Smith
Economist who promoted free market capitalism and limited government intervention.
Social Darwinism
Misuse of evolutionary theory to justify racial and social inequality.
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