AP EURO unit 6 vocab

1. Reasons the Industrial Revolution Began in Britain

   
   

The Industrial Revolution took off in Britain due to: -

• an abundance of mineral resources (coal and iron ore);

• improved agricultural techniques from the agricultural revolution;

• Britain’s many markets around the world from colonial holdings;

• access to water within Britain via canal and worldwide via the ocean;

• favorable governmental and economic policies;

• a strong supply of capital;

• and incentives for inventors

1. Industrial Revolution

1. - A period in which manufacturing shifted from rural to urban, from the cotton industry to a manufacturing economy.

   • Beginning in 18th century England, the development of the steam engine led to the creation of factories, which mass produced manufactured goods.

   • The factory system increased the division of labor and specialization of labor.

   • The Industrial Revolution had beneficial and harmful effects on British society: canals and railroads were built, industrial cities grew as people moved from rural to urban environments, and

   • Britain became the richest and most powerful nation in the world.

   • For factory workers, there were low wages, long work days, child labor, unsafe working conditions, tenement housing, poor sanitation, and rampant spread of disease.

1. The Great Exhibition of 1851

• Held in London's Hyde Park,

• The Great Exhibition of 1851 was a celebration of the many technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution.

• The centerpiece of this exhibition was the Crystal Palace, a masterpiece of modern architecture, which was almost the size of two football fields combined.

• The exhibition displayed more than 100,000 objects and was visited by over 6 million people from all across Europe.  

1. Bessemer process

• The Bessemer process was a revolutionary method for producing steel on a large scale,

• invented by Sir Henry Bessemer in the 1850s.

• It involved forcing air through molten iron to remove impurities and create a more uniform steel product.

• The introduction of the Bessemer process revolutionized steelmaking, making it possible to produce large quantities of high-quality steel at a lower cost.

• This led to a boom in construction and manufacturing, and helped fuel the growth of the Industrial Revolution across the world.

1. Inventions that transformed communication and transportation: 

1. 1. telegraph - The telegraph, invented by Samuel Morse in the 1830s, allowed people to communicate instantaneously across long distances such as the Atlantic Ocean. This innovation revolutionized global communication.

   2. steamship - transformed the shipping industry by making it possible to travel across the ocean more quickly and efficiently than ever before.

   3. railroad - The creation of railway systems revolutionized travel and trade. It made it possible to travel vast distances and made cross-country commerce much more efficient.

1. Repeal of the Corn Laws

• The Corn Laws were regulations applied to the import and export of grain, such as wheat.

• Basically, the laws limited the import of foreign grain in order to protect the interests of British landowners.

• The laws seemed to benefit the landowners, but made corn and other grain expensive for everyone else..

• The Anti-Corn Law League, made up of the industrial middle class, rose up against the landlords and called for a repeal of the corn laws.

• In 1846, one year after the Irish Potato Famine began, the Corn Laws were repealed. 

1. The Hungry 40s

• Period in early 1840s when Britain experienced an economic depression due to a slump in trade, steep increase in unemployment, and bad harvests.

• Corn Laws seemed to keep the price of bread artificially high.

• All of this culminated with the 1845 potato blight that spread from England and Scotland to Ireland,

• leading to the Irish Potato Famine. 

1. Irish Potato Famine

1. 1845-1851) - A period of famine and unrest in Ireland due to the blight,

   • which made the potato crop fail, leading to starvation.

   • In addition, farmers could not pay their rents and were often evicted and their cottages destroyed.

   • Then, typhus hit. 350,000 people died in a single year (1846-1847).

   • Approximately, one million people died over the course of the famine, and another million emigrated to the US and elsewhere. 

commercial revolution

• a period of rapid economic growth and expansion, particularly in Europe,

• that began in the 16th century and continued through the 19th century.

• It was characterized by the growth of trade and commerce, and the emergence of modern capitalism.

1. zollverein -

• The Customs Union of all German states except Austria, formed by Prussia in 1834.

• It served to unify the various German states and to promote free trade between them.

• This union helped to facilitate trade across the region, leading to greater prosperity and economic growth.

Factory Act of 1833

• established a minimum age of 9 for child laborers and

• limited the hours they could work.

• It also required employers to provide education for child workers.

1. Mines Act of 1842 -

• Prohibited women and children from working underground in coal mines.

• It was the first time the British Government intervened on behalf of industrial workers.

• The increase in women's pay was almost immediate as a result of the act.

1. Ten Hours Act of 1847

• Limited the workday for women and children to ten hours a day

• in the textile and apparel industries. 

The Concert of Europe

• A loose agreement between Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain to maintain the balance of power in Europe.

• It began with the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and lasted until the Revolutions of 1848.

• During this time, leaders worked together to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutionary movements.

• This prevented major European wars for roughly 30 years. 

1. conservatism

• An ideology based on tradition and social stability t

• hat favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change

Joseph de Maistre

• French philosopher and writer who portrayed himself as a champion of order and hierarchy.

• He is known for his work "Considerations on France,"

• which argued that society must be organized as a hierarchy to be stable.

1. War of Greek Independence

• The Greeks fought for their independence from Ottoman rule from 1821-1832.

• Their success inspired similar movements in other parts of Europe in the mid-19th century. 

1. Decembrist Revolt in Russia

• A failed coup attempt by Russian army officers in 1825,

• which was  inspired by the liberal and democratic ideals of the French Revolution.

• They were opposed to the coronation of Nicholas I and his absolutist ideals.

• A few guards regiments refused to take an oath  of allegiance to Nicholas I and marched to the Senate House and fired upon.

• In addition, they were betrayed by police spies and 5 of the Decemberists were executed and 120 exiled to Siberia.

• This revolt led to the spread of revolutionary societies among Russian intellectuals as well as increased police terrorism to protect against further uprisings. 

1. Polish rebellion -

• The Polish Uprising of 1830-1831 was an unsuccessful attempt by the Polish people to regain independence from Russia.

• The rebellion continued for over a year before the insurgents were finally defeated.

July Revolution in France -

• The July Revolution was a violent street insurrection that lasted for five days and led to the overthrow of King Charles X of France in 1830.

• It began when King Charles X suspended freedom of the press, reduced the number of elected officials, and allowed himself to rule by decree.

• Charles X was replaced by Louis Philippe, or “the citizen king,” marking a victory of constitutional liberty over absolutist rule. 

1. liberalism

• An ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible.

• Economic liberalism is the idea that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy.

• Political liberalism is the idea that there should be restraints on the exercise of power so that people can enjoy basic civil rights in a constitutional state with a representative assembly. 

1. marxism

• The political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx,

• which included the idea that history is the story of class struggle and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship in route to a classless society

utopian socialists

• Intellectuals and theorists in the early 19th century who favored equality in social and economic conditions and

• wished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation. 

feminism

• Early feminism in Europe dates back to the 18th century, when women began to demand more rights and opportunities.

• These early feminists focused on issues such as access to education, equal pay, and the right to own property, paving the way for later feminist movements. 

1. socialism

• An ideology that calls for government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods.

• Socialism is more moderate than communism.

• Socialism calls for government reform, including implementation of policies like minimum wage, set work hours, etc., while communism calls for a worldwide revolution.