Criminal Justice final

chapter 15

who had absolute control over the children in Roman law

the father

parent patriae

allowed king or English state to replace the parent.

19th century

immigration led to a large numbers of children living on the streets- due to less housing and food scarcity.

1899 illinois juvenile act

created first juvenile court, applied delinquent rather than criminal. reformation > retribution.

delinquent child

child violates criminal law

undisciplined child

child beyond parental control and refuses to obey to authorities

dependent child

child has no parents

status offender

child who violates laws written only for children.

1960s

court considered the principles underlying the juvenile system

In re Gault

guaranteed due process rights to juveniles; right to lawyer, right to remain silent.

In re Winship

drequiring proof beyond a reasonable doubt

most states have extended miranda

provisions to juveniles

miranda rights waiver for juveniles

not clear if juvenile can legally waive it

juvenile main difference with adult offender

more likely to use diversion programs for juvenile

detention hearing juvenile

first step in decision making regarding juvenile.

Transfer hearing

when offense is serious, is transferred to adult court

adjudicatory hearing

fact-finding process by which the juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition.

recretional drug user

person who uses drug relatively infrequently

Harrison Narcotics Act 1914

first federal piece of anti drug legislation. you can only sell these stuff if you were a medical professional.

comparatie criminology

study of crime on cross-national level

ethnocentric

believing one’s ethnic group is superior

the tazir crimes

crimes other than hudud. it is a crime against society and individuals, not against God.

islamic law

descends directly from teaching of the prophet muhammad. system of duties and rituals founded.

hudud crime

crimes against God, based on religious strictures. seven crimes total

Hudud crimes examples

making war on allah

theft

adultery

false accusation

corruption

cold war delayed

international criminal court

globalization

the internationalization of trade, services, info and human social activity and crime

transnational organized crime

unlawful activity supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries.

human smuggling

Illegal immigration which agent is paid to help a person to cross a border

sex trafficking

commercial sex act inducted by force, fraud which person induced to perform the act is under 18

terrorism

violent act against human life used to intimidate government.

premiditated

politically motivated

violent

committed against noncombatant targets

domestic terrorism

attack by citizen, civilian within their country without foreign direction