Russia Unit World Civ H

Tzar Nicholas II

Last emperor of Russia, ruled until abdication.

Industrialization

Rapid economic development, faced many challenges.

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict where Russia was defeated by Japan.

Trans-Siberian Railway

Major railway connecting Moscow to Vladivostok.

Bloody Sunday

Protest where troops killed workers in 1905.

October Manifesto

Document promising reforms and a Duma.

Duma

Legislative assembly established by Nicholas II.

Rasputin

Mystical advisor to Tzar, influenced government decisions.

Provisional Government

Temporary government after Tzar's abdication.

Soviets

Councils representing workers and soldiers.

Bolsheviks

Radical faction advocating for communist revolution.

V. I. Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks, established communist rule.

Peace, Land, Bread

Bolshevik slogan appealing to war-weary citizens.

Mensheviks

Moderate faction wanting gradual change.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Peace treaty ending Russia's involvement in WWI.

Russian Civil War

Conflict between Bolsheviks and anti-Bolshevik forces.

Leon Trotsky

Key Bolshevik leader, organized the Red Army.

War Communism

Economic policy during Civil War, state control of resources.

Cheka

Secret police enforcing Bolshevik policies.

Red Terror

Campaign of political repression by Bolsheviks.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Allowed limited private enterprise in Soviet economy.

Comintern

Organization to promote worldwide communism.

Five Year Plans

Stalin's economic plans for rapid industrialization.

Collectivization

Consolidation of individual farms into collective farms.

Great Terror

Stalin's campaign of purges and political repression.

Iron Curtain

Metaphor for division between Eastern and Western Europe.

Cold War

Geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the West.

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance of communist countries in Eastern Europe.

NATO

Military alliance opposing Soviet influence.

Berlin Wall

Barrier dividing East and West Berlin.

Gorbachev

Last leader of the Soviet Union, introduced reforms.

Perestroika

Economic restructuring policy under Gorbachev.

Glasnost

Policy promoting openness and transparency in government.

Baltic States

Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania sought independence.

Berlin Wall Falls

Symbolic end of Cold War in 1989.

USSR Disintegration

Collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Romanovs

The last ruling family of Russia.

Stalin's Policies

Led to totalitarian control and economic hardship.

Heavy Industry

Focus of Stalin's Five Year Plans.

Gulags

Labor camps for political prisoners in USSR.

Execution of the Tzar

End of the Romanov dynasty during Civil War.

20 million deaths

Casualties during Stalin's regime and WWII.

Stalin's Death

Occurred in 1953, leading to power struggles.

Reagan and Gorbachev

Negotiated to reduce tensions during Cold War.