What is this?
filters blood, recycle old RBC’s, sstore platelets and acts as blood reservoir, contains B and T-lymphocytes
spleen function
what is this?
houses lymphocytes, controls development of t-lymphocytes
thymus function
what is this?
filter lymph, immune surveillance and lymphocyte proliferation
lymph nodes function
what is this?
trap or remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens
tonsils
what is this?
capture and destroy bacteria preventing them from penetrating intestinal wall
peyers patches function
what is this?
resevoirs for plasma, transport lymph fluid back to the circulatory system
lymph vessels function
primary response:
_ cells and _ cells become activated due to first exposure; antibodies and memory cells are produces
b cells and t cells
secondary response:
occurs fast or slow?
what does it produce more of?
rapidly!
produces more of antibodies due to previous exposure
primary or secondary?
the INITIAL response to an antigen
primary
primary or secondary?
a lag period of several days occurs before antibodies specific to the antigen appear in the bloodstream
primary
primary or secondary?
antibody levels increase rapidly and remain high for an extended period
secondary
primary or secondary?
memory cells are created
primary
primary or secondary?
the second, third, and subsequent responses to the same antigen is faster due to the presence of memory cells
secondary
Active or passive?
you are exposed to the pathogen
active
Active or passive?
you are exposed to the antibody
passive
Active or passive?
naturally or artificially acquired?
immunity after you are sick with the pathogen
active naturally acquired
Active or passive?
naturally or artificially acquired?
immunity after a vaccine
active artificially acquired
Active or passive?
naturally or artificially acquired?
immunity after antibodies are passed to the fetus from the pregnant mother or through breast milk
passive naturally acquired
Active or passive?
naturally or artificially acquired?
immunity after injection of antibodies for a particular pathogen
passive artificially acquired
active or passive?
a student nurse receives an injection of gamma globulin (containing antibodies to the hepatitis virus) after she has been exposed to viral hepatitis
passive
active or passive?
an individual suffers chickenpox
active
immune response to non-harmful substance (allergens) and can damage tissues (hypersensitivity)
allergic reactions
what type of allergic reaction is this?
occurs minutes after contact with allergen
symptoms include hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances, and anaphylatic shock
immediate reaction allergy
what type of allergic reaction is this?
results from repeated exposure to allergen
erruptions and inflammation of the skin
takes about 48 hours to occur
delayed reaction allergy
what type of disorder?
immune system fails to distunguish “self” from “nonself” and the body produces antibodies called ______, and cytotoxic _ cells to attack the bodies own tissues and organs
Autoimmune
autoantibodies
t cells
example of autoimmune disorders:
antibodies against pancreatic cells result in thirst, hunger, and weakness
type 1 diabetes
example of autoimmune disorders:
antibodies attack joints creating pain and deformity
rheumatoid arthritis
example of autoimmune disorders:
antibodies destroy myelin surrounding nerves of the CNS creates symptoms such as muscle weakness, incoordination, speech disturbances and visual issues.
multiple sclerosis
example of autoimmune disorders:
antibodies attack connective tissue resulting in joint pain, red rash on face, prolonger fever, weakness and kidney damage
systemic lupus
Nonspecific (INNATE) Defense
responds immediately to protect your body from ALL Pathogens
Specific (ADAPTIVE) Defense
mounts attack against SPECIFIC pathogens
Is Non specific Innate defense system 1st, 2nd, or 3rd line of defense for your immune system?
1st and 2nd
Is specific adaptive defense system 1st, 2nd, or 3rd line of defense for your immune system?
3rd
Functions of Innate/Non-specific Defense (1st and 2nd line of defense)
Hinders pathogen entry
Prevents the spread of disease causing organisms
strengthens immune defensees
When pathogens attempt to gain entrance into the body, what is the first line of defense?
mechanical barriers: Skin and mucous membranes
After the first line of defense happens but doesn’t work out then the pathogen enters the body, what would be the second line of defense?
Chemical barriers and Defensive Cells:
Enzymes in body fluids provide a chemical barrier to pathogens and they may include interferons, and complement.
Natural Killer Cells
Inflammation
Phagocytes
Fever
2nd Line of defense- Phagocytosis:
Removes foreign pathogens using Phagocytes and macrophages which ENGULF and DESTROY pathogen.
2nd line of defense- Natural Killer Cells
Special lymphocytes that provide cell lysis using perforins by direct cell attack against virus-infected or cancer cells, do not depend on specific antigen recognition.
2nd line of defense- Inflammation
reaction that produces local redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Most occur in response to infection by pathogens but to physical and chemical factors can trigger it, (NON SPECIFIC OFTEN)
2nd line of defense- Fever
begins when a viral/bacterial infection stimulates lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete chemical substance which raises body temperature. Elevated body temperature indirectly inhibits microbial growth, and increases phagocytic activity.
After the pathogens enters the body and there is a specific pathogen, what is the third line of defense?
Cellular Immune response
Humoral immune response
Memory cells
Memory cells- third line of defense
recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
Define Pathogen:
Disease causing organism including bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. Contains nonself-antigens the body recognizes as foreign.
Define Antigen(non-self):
ANY foreign (non-self) molecule capable of eliciting an immune response. Ex: protiens, polysaccharides, Glycoprotiens, glycolipids, most effective antigens are large and complex.
Define Antigen(self):
Surface protiens or surface markers that the immune system recognizes and accepts as you. These antigens identify your body cells as “self” while antigens on pathogens identify as “nonself”
Which cell?
After being activated by an antigen- a presenting cell such as a macrophage, this cell sends out a chemical message to other immune cells, part of cell medicated immune response.
T cells.
Types of T cells include
memory t cells, helper, supressor, and killer.
Which cell is this?
send chemical messages that ‘direct the war’ against infection. the chemical messages stimulate B cells or cytotoxic t cells to help destroy pathogens.
Helper T cells
What cell is this?
Bind to infected cells, release perforin to destroy them. they continually scan the body for antigens, bearing cells and destroy them. They give a rise to memory T cells that provice for future immune protection.
Killer T cells
What cell is this?
Produced by cytotoxic T cells. ONLY responds to 2nd, 3rd exposure and immediately divides and differentiates into a cytotoxic t cell.
Memory T cell.
What Cell is This?
After encountering an antigen, they conjunction with helper T cells, and they become activated to produce antibodies, which is part of humoral immune response
B cells
types include: plasma and memory b cells
What type of cell is this?
The activated B cells become these cells that produce antibodies and recognize and directly bind to antigen surface markers on invading pathogens and destroy them.
plasma cells
What type of cell is this?
clones of activated b cells-like memory t cells, memory b cells, respond rapidly to subsequent (2nd, and 3rd) exposure to a specific antigen.
Memory b cells
Supressor T cells:
dampen the activity of cytotoxic t ells and plasma cells by slowing down the immune response.
Clonal Selection:
When b and t cells are activated, they multiply, producing clones of themselves. This will allow for quick response to remove the pathogen.
Organ Transplant Rejection:
everyones cell surface markers are different, which means you must find a close match
without a close match, the organ will be rejected, and t cells will attack
How can you prevent organ transplant rejection?
immunosuppresive therapy- given to a patient to dampen their immune response.