Lymphatic and Immune System

What is this?

filters blood, recycle old RBC’s, sstore platelets and acts as blood reservoir, contains B and T-lymphocytes

spleen function

what is this?

houses lymphocytes, controls development of t-lymphocytes

thymus function

what is this?

filter lymph, immune surveillance and lymphocyte proliferation

lymph nodes function

what is this?

trap or remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens

tonsils

what is this?

capture and destroy bacteria preventing them from penetrating intestinal wall

peyers patches function

what is this?

resevoirs for plasma, transport lymph fluid back to the circulatory system

lymph vessels function

primary response:

* _ cells and _ cells become activated due to first exposure; antibodies and memory cells are produces

b cells and t cells

secondary response:

occurs fast or slow?

what does it produce more of?

rapidly!

produces more of antibodies due to previous exposure

primary or secondary?

the INITIAL response to an antigen

primary

primary or secondary?

a lag period of several days occurs before antibodies specific to the antigen appear in the bloodstream

primary

primary or secondary?

antibody levels increase rapidly and remain high for an extended period

secondary

primary or secondary?

memory cells are created

primary

primary or secondary?

the second, third, and subsequent responses to the same antigen is faster due to the presence of memory cells

secondary

Active or passive?

you are exposed to the pathogen

active

Active or passive?

you are exposed to the antibody

passive

Active or passive?

naturally or artificially acquired?

immunity after you are sick with the pathogen

active naturally acquired

Active or passive?

naturally or artificially acquired?

immunity after a vaccine

active artificially acquired

Active or passive?

naturally or artificially acquired?

immunity after antibodies are passed to the fetus from the pregnant mother or through breast milk

passive naturally acquired

Active or passive?

naturally or artificially acquired?

immunity after injection of antibodies for a particular pathogen

passive artificially acquired

active or passive?

a student nurse receives an injection of gamma globulin (containing antibodies to the hepatitis virus) after she has been exposed to viral hepatitis

passive

active or passive?

an individual suffers chickenpox

active

immune response to non-harmful substance (allergens) and can damage tissues (hypersensitivity)

allergic reactions

what type of allergic reaction is this?

* occurs minutes after contact with allergen
* symptoms include hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances, and anaphylatic shock

immediate reaction allergy

what type of allergic reaction is this?

* results from repeated exposure to allergen
* erruptions and inflammation of the skin
* takes about 48 hours to occur

delayed reaction allergy

what type of disorder?

immune system fails to distunguish “self” from “nonself” and the body produces antibodies called ______, and cytotoxic _ cells to attack the bodies own tissues and organs

Autoimmune

autoantibodies

t cells

example of autoimmune disorders:

antibodies against pancreatic cells result in thirst, hunger, and weakness

type 1 diabetes

example of autoimmune disorders:

antibodies attack joints creating pain and deformity

rheumatoid arthritis

example of autoimmune disorders:

antibodies destroy myelin surrounding nerves of the CNS creates symptoms such as muscle weakness, incoordination, speech disturbances and visual issues.

multiple sclerosis

example of autoimmune disorders:

antibodies attack connective tissue resulting in joint pain, red rash on face, prolonger fever, weakness and kidney damage

systemic lupus

Nonspecific (INNATE) Defense

* responds immediately to protect your body from __**ALL**__ Pathogens

Specific (ADAPTIVE) Defense

* mounts attack against __**SPECIFIC**__ pathogens

Is Non specific Innate defense system 1st, 2nd, or 3rd line of defense for your immune system?

1st and 2nd

Is specific adaptive defense system 1st, 2nd, or 3rd line of defense for your immune system?

3rd

Functions of Innate/Non-specific Defense **(1st and 2nd line of defense)**

* Hinders pathogen entry
* Prevents the spread of disease causing organisms
* strengthens immune defensees

When pathogens attempt to gain entrance into the body, what is the first line of defense?

* mechanical barriers: Skin and mucous membranes

After the first line of defense happens but doesn’t work out then the pathogen enters the body, what would be the second line of defense?

**Chemical barriers and Defensive Cells:**

* Enzymes in body fluids provide a chemical barrier to pathogens and they may include interferons, and complement.


* Natural Killer Cells
* Inflammation
* Phagocytes
* Fever

2nd Line of defense- Phagocytosis:

Removes foreign pathogens using **Phagocytes and macrophages** which ENGULF and DESTROY pathogen.

2nd line of defense- Natural Killer Cells

Special lymphocytes that provide cell lysis using perforins by direct cell attack against virus-infected or cancer cells, do not depend on specific antigen recognition.

2nd line of defense- Inflammation

reaction that produces local redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Most occur in response to infection by pathogens but to physical and chemical factors can trigger it, (NON SPECIFIC OFTEN)

2nd line of defense- Fever

begins when a viral/bacterial infection stimulates lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete chemical substance which raises body temperature. Elevated body temperature indirectly inhibits microbial growth, and increases phagocytic activity.

After the pathogens enters the body and there is a specific pathogen, what is the third line of defense?

* Cellular Immune response
* Humoral immune response
* Memory cells

Memory cells- third line of defense

recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

Define Pathogen:

Disease causing organism including bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. Contains nonself-antigens the body recognizes as foreign.

Define Antigen(__non-self__):

**ANY** foreign (non-self) molecule capable of eliciting an immune response. Ex: protiens, polysaccharides, Glycoprotiens, glycolipids, **most effective antigens are** __**large**__ **and** __**complex.**__

Define Antigen(__self__):

Surface protiens or surface markers that the immune system recognizes and accepts as you. These antigens **identify your body cells as “self”** while **antigens on pathogens identify as “nonself”**

Which cell?

After being activated by an antigen- a presenting cell such as a macrophage, this cell sends out a **chemical message** to other immune cells, part of cell medicated immune response.

T cells.

Types of T cells include

* memory t cells, helper, supressor, and killer.

Which cell is this?

send chemical messages that **‘direct the war’ against infection**. the chemical messages stimulate **B cells or cytotoxic t cells to help destroy pathogens.**

Helper T cells

What cell is this?

Bind to infected cells, release perforin to destroy them. they continually scan the body for antigens, bearing cells and destroy them. They give a rise to memory T cells that provice for future immune protection.

Killer T cells

What cell is this?

Produced by cytotoxic T cells. **ONLY responds to 2nd, 3rd exposure** and immediately divides and differentiates into a cytotoxic t cell.

Memory T cell.

What Cell is This?

After encountering an antigen, they conjunction with helper T cells, and they become activated to produce antibodies, which is part of **humoral immune response**

B cells

types include: plasma and memory b cells

What type of cell is this?

The activated B cells become these cells that produce antibodies and recognize and directly bind to antigen surface markers on invading pathogens and destroy them.

plasma cells

What type of cell is this?

clones of activated b cells-like memory t cells, memory b cells, respond rapidly to subsequent (2nd, and 3rd) exposure to a specific antigen.

Memory b cells

Supressor T cells:

dampen the activity of cytotoxic t ells and plasma cells by slowing down the immune response.

Clonal Selection:

When b and t cells are activated, they multiply, producing clones of themselves. This will allow for quick response to remove the pathogen.

Organ Transplant Rejection:

* everyones cell surface markers are different, which means you must find a close match
* without a close match, the organ will be rejected, and t cells will attack

How can you prevent organ transplant rejection?

immunosuppresive therapy- given to a patient to dampen their immune response.