Nursing Chem Exam #3

What are the three main types of biomolecules?

Carbohydrates, Peptides and Proteins, RNA/DNA

What is the building block for carbohydrates?

Simple Sugars, Saccharides

What is the building block for Peptides and Proteins?

Amino Acids

What is the building block for RNA/DNA?

Nucleic Acids

What in the name allows you to indentify a compound as sugar?

ose

What functional group is present in all sugars?

OH-

What functional group is present in most sugars?

CHO

What functional group is present in few sugars?

CH2OH

What is a monosaccharide?

Can NOT be broken down into simpler carbohydrates

What is a disaccharide?

Contains TWO simple carbohydrates

What is a polysaccharide?

Contains MANY simple carbohydrates

What defines the structure of an aldose?

Contains an aldehyde functional group (monosaccharide)

What defines the structure of a ketose?

Contains a ketone functional group (monosaccharide)

What is the formula for sucrose?

C12H22O11

What is produced during a condensation reaction?

Water

What defines the structure of a pentose?

5 carbon atom monosaccharide

What defines the structure of a hexose?

6 carbon atom monosaccharide

What are the common features of carbohydrates?

includes C,H and O, has aldehyde or ketone group and -OH along with several alcohol groups

What functional group includes C double bond to O?

Ketone

What does beta means?

Up

What does alpha mean?

Down

A reversible reaction is one in which ( ) reaction (s) occur at the same time.

Two

A reversible reaction includes a ( ) forward reaction in which reactants form products and a ( ) reaction in which products are converted back to reactants.

Forward, Reverse

When molecules start to react in a reversible reaction, the forward reaction occurs ( ) than the reverse reaction.

At a faster rate

As more products are formed and reactants are consumed, the relative rate of the forward reaction ( ) and the relative rate of the reverse reaction ( )

Slows down, Speeds up

The reversible reaction has reached equilibrium when the forward reaction occurs at a rate ( ) to the reverse reaction rate and the concentrations of the reactants and products stay constant.

equal

Can alcohols form hydrogen bonds?

Yes

Do alcohols have a higher solubility in water when compared to similar-sized alkanes?

Yes

True or false: In a ketone, the carbonyl group is bonded to two alykl or aromatic groups

True

What does a carbonyl group consist of?

Carbon and Oxygen attached by a double bond

In a ketone how mow hydrogen atoms are bonded to

How many covalent bonds are found in carbon atoms?

4

An alkene is an organic compounds that contains a ( ) bond

Carbon-Carbon double

Alkenes and alkynes are called unsaturated compounds because

they have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes

True or false: In a cis alkene, the groups are on the same side of the double bond

True

What functional groups are found in all monosaccharides?

Carbonyl and Hydroxyl Group

What polysaccharice is stored in the liver and muscles of animals?

Glycogen

What polysaccharide contains only B(1-4) glycosidic bonds?

Cellulose

What two polysaccharides contain both a (1-4) and 1(1-6) glycosidic bonds?

Amylopectin and glycogen

What two polysaccharides produce maltose during digestion?

Amylose and amylopectin

Glyceraldehyde is an example of a(n) , because it has three carbon atoms.

trios

With the carbonyl group on the end of a six-carbon chain, the carbohydrate would be classified as a(n)

aldohexose

The most common carbohydrate, , has six carbon atoms.

glucose

4. A monosaccharide is a(n) if the carbonyl group is on the end of the carbon chain.

aldose

5. Any carbohydrate with the carbonyl group on the second carbon is a(n) .

ketone

6. If a carbohydrate, like xylulose, has five carbon atoms and a carbonyl group on the second carbon, it is called a(n) .

ketopentose

True or false: The biological activity of one of a pair of enantiomers may be very different from the biological activity of the other enantiomer.

True

Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are known as

enantiomers

When drawing a Fischer projection of a sugar, the horizontal line represents groups that are

projecting out of the plane of the drawing toward you

A glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides can also be classified as a(n)

ether bond

True or false: The glucose units in cellulose are connected by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

True

Cellulose is not digestible by humans because it contains glucose units linked by ________-glycosidic bonds.

b-1,4

True or false: Carboxylic acids with four or fewer carbons are very water soluble.

True

What is the irritating acid found in ant and bee stings?

Formic Acid

True or false: Carboxylic acids are strong acids.

False

What happens to water solubility as the hydrocarbon chain length increases in carboxylic acids?

It decreases

The neutralization of formic acid by NaOH produces ________.

sodium formate and H2O

Which carboxylic acid listed below is the most water soluble

acetic acid

What is/are the product(s) of the dissociation of butanoic acid in water?

butanoate ion and hydronium ion

True or false: An ester is derived from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

True

An esterification reaction __________.

uses an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to produce an ester

True or false: Soaps are the soluble salt of long chain fatty acids.

True

The splitting apart of an ester in the presence of a strong acid and water is called _______

hydrolysis

True or false: Amines do not form hydrogen bonds.

False

Amines contain the element ________.

nitrogen

Amides are derivatives of ________ and ________.

amines, carboxlyic acid

Amides having fewer than ________ carbons are generally water soluble.

six

Typically when (. ) compounds dissolve in water they do not form ions. These compounds are called (. ) electrolyes.

covalent, non

Acids produce H+, HCI(aq) arrow

H+(aq)+Cl-(aq)

Bases produce, NaOH(aq) arrow

Na+(aq)+-OH(aq)

The strong acids to be memorized are

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HClO3

The strong bases to be memorized are

normal ionic compounds, strong electrolytes

The common strong acids are (. ) compounds that completely dissociate into H+ and a negative ion. Therfore, the strong acids are (. ) electrolytes.

covalent, strong

Do acids donate or accept H+?

Donate

Do bases donate or accept or H+?

Accept

Weak acids are typically covalent compounds that (. ) dissociate into H+ and a negative ion and therfore are (. ) electrolytes. The negative ion is called the conjugate base.

partially, weak

Weak bases are typically covalent compounds that can (. ) H+ (from water) and therfore are (. ) electrolytes. The positive ion formed in called the conjugate base.

accept, weak

In a conjugate acid-base pair the conjugate (. ) has one more H+ than the conjugate (. )

acid, base

Examples of conjugate acid

NH4+1, HF, HC2H2O2+1, H3PO4, H2PO4-1, H20, H3O+

Examples of conjugate base

NH3, F-1, C2H3O2-, H2PO4-1, HPO4-2, OH-, H2O

What is equilibrium?

When the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, the amounts no longer change

In a/an ( ) solution, the concentration of H+ is greater than the concentration of -OH and the pH is (. )

acidic, down

As the H+ increase the OH-1 (. )

decreases

As the H+ concentration increases, the solution becomes more (. ) and the pH goes ( )

acidic, down

In general the reaction between a strong acid and strong base produces a/an ( ) and (. )

ionic (salt), water

The reaction of a strong acid with a weak base produces (. )

conjugate acid

The reaction of a strong base with a weak acid produces (. )

conjugate base

What type of isomers are possible for alkenes?

geometric, different shape but same connections, (cis/trans isomers) and structural (cis/trans)

The present of what functional group defines a compounds as an alcohol?

Alcohol=OH functional group, polar/hydrogen bonds

Define unsaturated bond

Bonds involving double or triple bonds between carbons resulting in fewer hydrogen atoms attatched to the carbon chain

Define saturated bond

Single bonds between carbon atoms, maning each carbon atom is bonded to the maximum number of other itoms including hydrogen

Define the term functional group

An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has similar chemical properties whenever it appears in various compounds

When polysaccharides are digested, the products of those reactions are

smaller sugars

When proteins are digested, the products of those reactions are

amino acids

What are isomers?

two different molecules with the same chemical formula

What is a triose?

a sugar containing three carbons

The ending ase is used to identify what?

enzyme

A chemical reaction where a by-product (not the main carbon containing product) is water can be called a/an

dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction will occur without an energy source (i.e. be spontaneous) when

the products are lower energy than the reactants

The amine functional group is defined by the presence of which element

N