campaigns in western iraq

battle of anbar/battle of the eyes

Persian governor Sheeraz defended city on elevated ground; Muslims camped below.

Khalid ordered archers to target Persian eyes → thousands blinded.

Muslim army breached walls using slaughtered camels in ditch technique.

Sheeraz offered surrender with safe passage → Khalid accepted → city captured.

ein-at-tamr battle

Persian forces under Mehran bin Bahram Jabeen, supported by Christian Arabs led by Aqqa.

Initial clash → Muslim forces captured Aqqa.

Christian Arabs fled to Ein-at-Tamr, hoping for reinforcements; Persians had already evacuated.

Khalid besieged the city → Christians surrendered unconditionally.

battle of damatul jandal

Leader Aeikad broke previous tribute agreement from Prophet’s (PBUH) time.

Caliph Abu Bakr sent Ayad bin Ghanam → could not capture town.

Khalid reinforced Ayad → Aeikad fled, captured by Khalid’s cavalry.

Siege successful → over 2,000 Christian Arabs killed.

battle of firaz

Khalid faced Persians + Byzantines + Christian Arabs → outnumbered 10:1.

Muslims, with Khalid’s strategy and Allah’s blessings, killed 50,000 enemy soldiers.

Retreating forces either drowned or were crushed → Muslims secured Euphrates valley.