sop final study guide

Bargaining

Moto and Yoko are roommates in our experiencing a conflict about what type of cable television service is within their budget. They negotiate by having Yoko, who wanted a more expensive service, pay the remainder of the bill after both of them have paid for half the cost of the less expensive service. What form of the communication model and Yorkey use to resolve the conflict

A Superordinate goal

By emphasizing the contribution, Jackie Robinson might make to the Brooklyn dodgers winning the 1947 pennant, Branch Rickey use the ______ to reduce a racial prejudice and conflict among team members

Arbitration

Factory workers want a pay rate of $15 per hour, and management offers $12 per hour. After weeks of conflict, they agreed to have a third party set the pay scale. After hearing both sides, the third-party sets the rate at $14 an hour. This is an example of resolving conflict through

Guilty

Studies of the effects of mood on helping suggest that adults who feel _____ are more likely than those in a neutral control condition to help

Empathy

Hoffman (1981) and reported that infants cry more when they hear another infant crying. This is an example of

The Bystander Effect

The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called

It makes them more self-aware

Why does personal treatment, such as addressing one by name, increase helping in bystanders?

Those who saw the aggressive, erotic film

Donnerstein ( 1980 ) had men, watch a neutral, erotic, or aggressive erotic film. These men were then asked to teach a confederate a list of nonsense syllables by choosing how much shock to a master for incorrect answers. Who delivered the most shock?

Self identity increase

When in groups, aggression can increase because of all of the following, EXCEPT

Silent sulking

Increase aggressive behaviors are predicted by all of the following, EXCEPT

Attacked a bobo doll

In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and his colleagues, children watched an adult attack a bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some toys that they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they

Sleep deprivation

All of the following factors are likely to increase aggression except

An unexpected request

Which of the following has not been linked with aggressive behavior

Attachment

Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include al but which of the following

The reward theory of attraction

Which of the following theories explain why, romantic vacations, good dinners, and fun outings are always important in relationships

Attachment

Which item is not one of the aspects of love in Sternberg‘s theory of love?

Perfectly average is quite attractive

Studies on computer composites faces show that

Any source

According to the two factor theory of emotion, being aroused by _____ should intensify passionate feelings

Higher

Individualistic cultures have ____ divorce rates than communal cultures

When groups compete for scarce resources

The realistic group conflict theory suggest that prejudice arises

Stereotyping

Kevin has just met Fred, a white American teenage boy. Kevin assumes that Fred would not be a good basketball player because “white men can’t jump”. This is an example of

Attitude

Prejudice is an

Ethnocentric

A person is labeled as _____, if they believe in the superiority of his/her own ethnic and cultural group, and shows disdain for all other groups

Scapegoats

Targets for displaced aggression are commonly referred to as

Just-world

Linking good fortune, with virtue and misfortune, with moral failure, enables fortunate people to feel pride. This is an example of the _____ phenomenon.

Behave more consistently with their attitudes

People who are made self-aware by acting in front of a mirror TV camera have been found to

Social loafing

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. This is an example of.

Deindividuation

A looting mob is a good example of

The members of the group are friends

Groups tend to loaf less when

Rewards are divided equally, regardless of individual effort

People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if

Strengthens

Group polarization occurs when group discussion _____ group members initial inclinations

Pulled less

Ingham (1974) found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug-of-war with other participants, they _____ than when they thought they were pulling alone

Social loafing

Your psychology professor has assigned group project to your class. She has chosen to individually grade, each student contribution to the assignment as an attempt to reduce.

Foot in the door

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later to a larger request is called the ______ phenomenon

Primacy

The Asch(1946) presented students with a description of someone as intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn and envious. They rated the person more positively than if the opposite order of adjectives was presented. This demonstrates the _____ affect.

Peripheral

Advertisers for beverage and clothing tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the _____ route to persuasion

Physical appeal

Argument, especially emotional ones, are often more influence when they come from beautiful people. This exemplifies which characteristics of attractiveness

Peripheral

We are more likely to be persuaded by the _____, route to persuasion when we are distracted or busy

The foot in the door phenomenon

Colts like Jim Jones peoples temple, typically recruit and retain members by using

Decreased interest

And product advertising, what is not an expected effect of mere exposure

Under the age of 25, and facing a personal crisis

People most vulnerable to cults are usually

The reactance theory

Knowing that someone is trying to coerce you make prompt you to do the opposite of the persons wishes. This response is predicted by.

The majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenters demands

And follow up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learners protest, more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refused to answer. With this added condition.

Social contagion

A classmate across the room yawns and then several other students yawn. This is an example of.

Informational influence

Conformity that occurs when people accept evidence about reality that is provided by other people is called

Up to four verbal prods to keep them going

When participants in Milgram experiment wanted to quit, they were given

Decreases

In line with normative influence, researchers have found that the average baseline jaywalking rate _____ in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate

Obedience; conformity

Milgram studies explored _____; Aschs studies explored _____

Cohesion

The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another, is called

A cluster of norms

A social role is

Self perception theory

Which theory assumes that when our attitudes regarding some thing are week to begin with, we will use our behavior and its circumstances as a clue to those attitudes

Agrees to give the speech without special incentives

Know what she is opposed to capital punishment, Lisa is asked to give a speech in favor of it to round out a class debate. Dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she.

Lead to less enjoyment of the activity

According to the over justification affect, promising children a reward for doing what they already intrinsically enjoy will

Self worth

Dissonance conditions, arouse tension, especially when those conditions threaten

Decreased

An example of the over justification affect would be how the number of books a child read ______ after the local library provided an incentive for children to read 10 books in three months

Cognitive dissonance theory

Alyssa has always strongly believe that is wrong to steal, but after she steals a bottle of nail polish from the drugstore, her attitude towards stealing, become significantly less harsh. Which theory best accounts for her shift and attitude.

Perform the desired behavior

According to research, which of the following methods would be the most productive way to change your behavior in some important way

Cognitive dissonance

The tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions is called

Basking in reflected glory

Which concept shows that people use affiliation with a successful group to help build their own self-esteem

Form additional reasons for that decision or choice

Once we make a decision or choice, we often

Poor

Peoples attitude toward religion is a _____ predictor of whether they will go to worship next weekend

Belief, perseverance

Just by reading numerous research studies that report the association of fast food consumption with heart, disease and diabetes, Dena continues to eat fast, food, and things that is harmless. Do you know thinking is an example of.

Cognition

In the ABC’s of attitudes, the C stands for

Situational

Attributing behavior to a persons environment is an example of what type of attribution

And illusory correlation

The perception of a relationship, or none actually exist, or the perception of a strong relationship than actually exist is called

A heuristic

Which of the following is a thinking surgery that enables quick, efficient judgments

Counterfactual thinking

Imagining alternative scenario is an L comes that might have been. It is an example of.

Availability heuristic

Immediately after 9/11 many people, abandon air travel because of the easy to access memory of flight tragedies. This reflected the tendency to make judgment based on the.

Overconfidence phenomenon

You used to envy your brother, because he was always so confident when talking to others. Yet the older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than accurate about things. Your brother’s behavior can be explained by.

Reconstructing our past attitudes

Your summer vacation was full of ups and downs not an overwhelmingly positive event. But during the final week of August, you remember it as being a fantastic time. This is example of.

Representativeness

On the first day of class, we see a middle-age man at the front of the room, talking to a younger man. If we assume the older man is a professor, and the younger man is a student, we are relying on what heuristic.

Concluded that, to some extent, the speech reflected the speakers true belief

Researchers had students read Bader speeches, either supporting or attacking Cuban leader, Fidel Castro. When the students were later, told that each debaters position had been assigned, they.

Automatic processing

Stomping on an imaginary brake pedal while experiencing a near accident, when riding as a passenger with another driver is a result of what type of thinking

Optimistic bias

Jeanette thought that she would easily write her paper and earn a great grade after she returned from the party, but her paper, and a lower than average score. This is an example of.

A self-fulfilling prophecy

A belief that leads to it on fulfillment is called

Hindsight bias

When I asked who you think will win the next presidential election, your play that you do not know. However, after the election results reported, you claimed that it was obvious all along. This is an example of.

Basic;applied

______ Science seeks to test theories without regard for whether the knowledge is immediately applicable, whereas _____ Science focuses on finding results that are directly and immediately relevant to solutions of real-world problems

Representative

If you ask, conservative, liberal, independent and green party, voters their opinions of political candidates, rather than just conservative voters, you are attempting to ensure that your sample is

The reality is filtered by our values and beliefs

The best statement about objective reality is

Independent

The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates in a study is called the ____ variable

Experimental

In order to determine whether or not changing one variable, such as education will produce changes in another, such as in, one needs to conduct _____ research

Demand characteristics

You are participating in a social, psychological research, experiment, and the researcher reads instructions to you and the other participants, so that each of you here’s exactly the same instructions. By standardizing the instructions, the researcher is attempting to control the.

Protect participants from harm and significant discomfort

A major requirement of the ethical principles of social, psychological research is that the researcher

Correlational research

Your psychology professor tells you that she is collecting data on the amount that students study in their grades i.e. she is asking for each student to report how many hours he/she studies each week, so that she can determine if there is a relationship between hours spent studying and grades. Which type of research is this

Dependent

The variable being measured in an experiment, so called because it may depend on manipulations of another available, is called the _____ variable

Framing of questions

And your slides is an example for my study by Loftus and Palmer, in which participants in a lab study, recall details of a tapped car crash differently, depending on whether they received a question, including the word, smashed versus bumped this is example of how ______ may influence human decision, expressed opinions

Debriefing

You have just participate in a research study that required you to choose which picture you preferred among several pairs. At the end of the study, the researcher explained that she was trying to identify correlations between age, gender, and racial groups when making preferences. The researchers disclosing of the true purpose of the study is part of the ____ process.