unit 3

The three proteins that move materials in and out of the cell

Receptor Protein, Active Transport Protein, Channel protein

Diffusion

The tendency for particles of any substance to spread out into the available space

Osmosis

Diffusion of water

Three types of tonicity In order

Hypotonic - Isotonic - Hypertonic

Animal tonicity in order

Lysed - Normal - Shriveled

Plant tonicity in order

Turgid, Flacid, Plasmolyzed

Concentration Gradient

Difference in consecration in areas

Osmoregulation

Control of water balance

Aquaporin

A membrane protein that allows for rapid diffusion of water

Active transport

a cell uses energy to move a solution against a concentration gradient

Themordynamics

The study of energy transformation in a collection of matter

Phosphorylation

Transfer of a phosphorus atom to another molecule

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport that involves the use of a transport protein to move a molecule across the cell membrane

Law of Energy Conservation

Can’t be created or destroyed only converted

Second Law of thermodynamics

When energy is converted from one form to another, these conversions increases the chaos of the universes

Purpose of cellular respiration

Chemical energy in organic molecules to produce ATP

Metabolic Pathway

Series of chemical reactions that build or breaks a complex molecule

What does ADP become when phosphorylated

ATP (ADP+T)

How enzymes function as biochemical catalysts

They allow biochemical reactions to occur

Cellular respiration

Complex process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds

Redox Reaction

The oxidation state of atoms

Glycolysis location

Outside mitochondria, doesnt require oxygen

Product of cellular respiration

2 pyruvate

2 ATP

2 NADH

How many of each molecule are used/made in glycolysis

ATP 4/2

NADH 0/2

Where does pyruvate oxidization occur

In the mitochondria, requires oxygen

Beginning and ending molecule of pyruvate oxidization

Pyruvate - Acetyl CoA

Glucose to Acetyl production ratio

1:2

When does fermentation occur

Lack of oxygen, regenerates NADH

Alcoholic Fermentation

Pyruvate acid is made into ethyl alcohol, produces CO2

Where does the citric acid cycle occur

Mitochondria, doesnt directly require oxygen

Citric Acid Cycle beginning and ending molecule

Acetyl CoA - Oxaloacetate

Net productions of 3 molecules per glucose molecules

ATP 2

NADH 6

FADH 2

net 10

the four molecules in the citric acid cycle

Acetyl CoA, acetyl group, citric acid, oxolacetate

How water is created through electron transport

Hydrogen is forced into water if nothing accepts it

Amount of ATP made from one glucose molecule

Around 32

Biochemical Pathway

A series of chained chemical reactions

Function of stomata

Let’s out oxygen, let in carbon dioxide, helps regulate dehydration

What is made in light reactions

Oxygen, ATP, NADH

What product is made in the Calvin cycle

Sugar

Two ways that light exists

Wavelength, photon

Three plant pigments

Chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll B, carotenoids

How we see colors

Reflection

Chemiosmosis

ATP using concentration gradient and movement of H+

Carbon fixation

Incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds

Anabolic Pathway

Builds complex molecules

Catabolic Pathway

Breaks down complex molecules

3 main phrases

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron transport