Earth Science- Final Exam

what are the layer that the earth is made up of?

core (inner and outer),mantle, and crust

what is unique about the outer layer of the core?

it is in liquid form

what is the difference between the mantle and the crust?

combined of different chemical components

what is the earth’s crust made of?

continental and oceanic crust

what is the thickness of the continental crust and the oceanic crust?

continental is 25km thick, oceanic is 6 to 11 km thick

what does the oceanic crust contain?

basalt (density 2.74 g/cm3), and gabbro ( 2.95 g/cm3) this is the denser layer

what does the continental crust contain?

granite(2.66 g/cm3) and gneiss(2.59 g/cm3)

how many major plates are there on earth?

12

plates tectonics-

plates collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other producing structures on earth or particular features

tonic refer to what?

a deformation of the crust as a result of plate interaction

what are the tectonic plates made of?

rigid lithosphere

what is the lithosphere made up of?

the crust and upper part of the mantle

what is above the lithosphere?

the asthenosphere it is so hot that it is 1-5% liquid and 90-95 % solid

plate movement-

plates of litosphere are moved around by the underlying hot mantle convention cells

what are the three types of tectonic plate boundaries?

divergent, convergent, and transformed plate boundary

divergent plate boundary-

the plates are pulling apart, as a result there is magma that rises up between the plates

convergent plate boundary-

two plates colliding going toward each other

what is the three types of convergent plate boundary?

oceanic colliding with oceanic, oceanic with continental and continental with continental

oceanic colliding with oceanic-

one plate runs over the other as a results of subduction/it can occur, we then get a deep depression in the sea floor called trench

trenches -

are the deepest part of the ocean and remain largely unexplored

transformed plate boundary-

when plate rub against each other ex. san andreas fault line

what is formed from transformed plate boundaries?

will form ridge between of the debris fall

what happens if two plates with the same density collide?

we get mountain ridges or mountain ranges

if plates with different density collide what do we get?

subduction

what happens if subduction is shallow? vs deep?

then volcanoes will be close to the subduction zone, if deep volcanoes will be further in land

what are hotspot volcanoes?

hot mantle plumes breaching the surface in the middle of a tectonic plate ex. the Hawaiian island

define hotspot-

active volcanoes for long periods of time

lithosphere-

is the solid, rocky, and rigid out parts of earth or other celestial bodies

paleomagnetism-

fixed orientation of a rock magnetic minerals or the remnant magnetization in rocks that aligns with the earths magnetic field at the time of the rocks formation

magnetic reversal-

a change in the earths magnetic field

tectonic plate-

theory that explains how many landforms are created as a result of earths subterranean movements

divergent boundary-

linear feature that exists between 2 tectonic plates that are moving away form each other

convergent boundary-

tectonic boundary where 2 or more are moving toward each other and one plate slides beneath the other

subduction-

the sideway and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earths crust into the mantle beneath another plate.

transform boundary -

blocks of crust aretorn apart in a broad zone of shearing between the 2 plates

fault-

planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of earths crust

mantle hotspot-

area under the rocky outer layer of earth, where magma is hotter then the surrounding magma

convection-

transfer of heat by motions in a liquid or gas

know the cire, crust, asthenosphere, mantle, outer core, lithosphere, and inner core

what are the oceans names and how much of the earth is covered in it?

the pacific, Atlantic, artic, Indian, and southern the oceans cover 2/3 of the world

topography more varied with larger elevation of what?

mid-ocean Ridge, trenches, island arc, hotspot

bathymetry-

measurement of depth of water

sonar:

measuring the time sound waves take to return to the ship

geosat satellite-

Launched in 1985, Orbits the earth in about 14 hours, The earth rotates, Satellite map of the earths topography, 1.5 years, For every increase of 100 meters on the seafloor there is 1 meter increase in height of water.

continental margins-

where land meets the ocean

passive margin:

without a plate boundary

active margin:

contains a plate boundary

where is temperature warmer at?

at the equator cooler near the poles

pacific ocean-

o   62.5 million square miles, The word pacific means peaceful, Reaches from north and south American to Asia and Australia( ring of fire), Home to the great barrier reef, Home to the Marian trench ( the deepest trench 7 miles), Saltiness- 1.4 % saline, Double the area and double the water volume of the Atlantic ocean

Atlantic ocean-

o   Second largest, 1/5 of earth surface(32 million square  miles), Puerto Rico trench which is the deepest point of the Atlantic at 27,493 ft, North and south America to Europe and Africa, Mid Atlantic ridge ( divergent plate boundary), First person to sail across the Atlantic ocean was Leif Eriksson, around the year 1000, 3.4% saltiness

Indian ocean-

o   Third largest, Area of 27 million square miles, The java trench is the deepest point (it stretches over 2,800 miles)it is a active trench, Home to many endangered species: turtles, seals, dugongs( sea cows)

which surface-ocean current travels completely around the globe, west to east, without interruption?

Antarctic circumpolar current

which surface-ocean current flows along the Atlantic coast of the united states? is it warm or cold current

the gulf stream and warm

which surface-ocean current flows along the pacific coast of the united states? is it warm or cold current

California current and cold

is the general circulation of the surface currents in the north Atlantic ocean clockwise or counterclockwise?

clockwise

in the south Atlantic is the general circulation clockwise or counterclockwise?

counterclockwise

ecology-

is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

what does modern ecology included?

observation and experimentation

different types of ecology included?

global, landscape, ecosystem, community, population, organismal ecology

food web-

is comprised of all the connections between predators and their prey in a given region. Complex food webs are essential for managing populations in a manner that allows more species to coexist, hence promoting the biodiversity and stability of ecosystems. but animal losses may diminish this complexity, thereby reducing the resilience of an ecosystem

instrumental value-

a species of induvial organism has instrumental value of its existence or use benefits some other entity

intrinsic value-

something has value for its own sake, it does not have to be useful to human

environmental stewardship requires what ?

not only an awareness of localized environmental issues, but also their impact on a generalized and even global level.

what does HIPPO stand for?

Habitat destruction

Invasive species

pollution

population

overexploitation

how long does it take the earth to orbit the sun

365.4 days

what is the path of the sun to the earth?

ellipitzal

looking from Outerspace what is the movement of the earth around the sun

counterclock wise

how fast does the earth move around the sun?

around 67,000 mph

rotation-

earth spinning around an axis, complete rotation every 24 hours , rotation 150 c every hour

revolution-

trip around the sun, every 365.4 days

where is the rotation of the earth fastest?

the equator, speed variable

the earth rotation from blank to blank?

west to east

how far is the earth tilted?

about 23.5 c from perpendicular of plane of ecliptic

earths tilt has 2 characteristics what are they?

angle of inclination, parallelism

angle of inclination-

tilt of 23 ½ degree is constant the angle does not change

parallelism-

means the axis is always pointed in the same direction, axis does not point in different direction as the earth moves in it orbit

perihelion-

91.5 million miles from the sun

aphelion-

95.5 millions miles from the sun

during rotation, half of the earth is receiving solar radiation, what radiation?

daylight, the other half of the earth is in darkness

the line separating day form night is ?

circle of illumination

insolation-

solar radiation received by the earth(incoming solar radiation)

seasons-

variations of insulation due to spherical surface of earth

what latitudes receive more insolation?

angle of incidence and duration

what latitude, at any time during earths revolution, receives insolation at right angles at noon?

zenith angle for sun and subsolar point

more direct angle=

greater insolation

know the zenith angle and latitudes pictures

seasons-

distance between earth and sun not a determinant of seasons

• perihelion occurs during northern hemisphere winter

determinant #1-

angle of incidence of suns rays striking earth surface, latitudes receiving more perpendicular rays receives more insolation for heating

determinant #2-

length of daylight hours, longer daylight hours mean mire insolation

determinant #3-

angle of incidence one length of daylight hours directly affected by tilt of earths axis

equinox-

is the time when sun’s path of nearest to the earths equator, mark the beginning of spring and fall, do not change the length of days and night

solstice-

is the time when the suns path is farthest north or south from earths equator, happens during summer and winter, result in changes in length of day and night

what are the two types of eclipses?

solar and lunar

solar eclipses-

the moon comes between the sun and the earth and casts a shadow on part of the earth, during the day

what is the order during a solar eclipse?

sun, moon and earth are in line

total solar eclipse-

observes in the umbra shadow see a total eclipse, can occur if you are at the exact spot withing the moons umbra, safe to view the see, can see the corona, only lasts a few minutes,

partial solar eclipse-

observers in the penumbra shadow see a partial eclipse, not safe to look at, only lasts a few minute

annular solar eclipse-

when the moon is farthest from the earth in its ortbit to completely cover the sun, the umbra doesn’t reach the earth, sun appears as a donut around the moon

lunar eclipses-

earth comes between the sun and moon and casts a shadow on the moon, sun;s light is blocked by the earth, usually at night

what is the order of the line during a lunar eclipse?

sun, earth and moon are in line