Studied by 20 people
Cervical enlargement
Larger part of the spinal cord (more superior) that contains sensory and motor neurons for the upper limb
Superior: Cervical enlargement
Inferior: Lumbosacral enlargement
Identify
Lumbosacral enlargement
Larger part of the spinal cord (more inferior) that contains sensory and motor neurons for the upper limb
Conus Medullaris
Tapering inferior end of the spinal cord; typically found at the intervertebral disc between the L1 and L2 vertebrae
Conus Medullaris (tip)
Cauda equina
Filum terminale
Identify
Dura Mater
Most superficial layer of the spinal meninges.
Arachnoid Mater
Spinal meninges layer deep to the dura, separated from it by a potential subdural space.
Pia Mater
The innermost meningeal layer, is a delicate, transparent covering. Closely invests the spinal cord and is not visible to the naked eye.
Epidural vs. Subdural vs. Subarachnoid
Between the vertebrae and the dura mater
Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater (potential space)
Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater (filled with CSF)
Top left: White matter
Top right: Gray matter
Right middle: Dorsal horn
Bottom Right: Ventral horn
Identify
Dorsal rootlet
Emerge from posterior (dorsal) horns and converge to form the dorsal root
Ventral rootlet
Emerge from anterior (ventral) horns and converge to form the ventral root
Dorsal root
Before the spinal nerve, sensory only
Ventral root
Before the spinal nerve, motor only
Spinal nerve
Conversion of dorsal and ventral root, both sensory and motor
Dorsal root ganglion
Group of sensory neuron cell bodies, before the spinal nerve
Dorsal rami
Branching from spinal nerve, innervates sensory and motor information for the skin and muscles on the back.
Ventral rami
Branching from spinal nerve, innervates sensory and motor information to majority of the body.
Dermatome
Strip of skin innervated by one spinal nerve.
Myotome
Group of muscles innervated by one spinal nerve.
Nerve plexus
Network of nerves coming from ventral or dorsal rami
Left side: acromion, Coracoid process, glenoid cavity, subscapular fossa, lateral border, inferior angle
Right side: acromion, lateral angle, spine, infraspinous fossa
Middle (start left middle then move down, 5 total): scapular notch, superior border, superior angle, supraspinous fossa, medial border
Identify
Left side: Greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, radial fossa/groove, capitulum
Right side: Surgical neck, deltoid tuberosity, lateral epicondyle
Middle: Head, anatomical neck, radial groove, deltoid tuberosity, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, medial epicondyle, trochlea
Identify
Anatomical and clinical importance of the surgical neck of the humerus
Most common place for fracture
Axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex branch of axillary artery are both at risk of being damaged if fracture occurs
Anatomical and clinical importance of the radial (spiral) groove of the humerus
Where the radial nerve and deep brachial artery runs through
Any compression on that radial nerve can cause wrist drop
Wrist drop
Compression of the radial nerve, which innervates many of the extensor muscles of the wrist, causing the flexor muscles to act unopposed.
Deltoid
Origin: lateral 1/2 of clavicle, acromion, scapular spine
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity
Main actions (on arm): abduction (15-90), can help with all actions except adduction
Innervation: axillary
Pectoralis major
Origin: medial 1/2 of clavicle, sternum, ribs 1-6
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus (lateral)
Main actions (on arm): adduction, flexion, medial rotation
Innervation: medial and lateral pectoral
Latissimus dorsi
Origin: spinous process of thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae, iliac crest
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus
Main actions (on arm): adduction, extension, medial rotation
Innervation: thoracodorsal
Teres major
Origin: inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus (medial)
Main actions (on arm): adduction, medial rotation
Innervation: lower subscapular
Coracobrachialis
Origin: coracoid process
Insertion: medial side of humeral shaft
Main actions (on arm): flexion, adduction
Innervation: musculocutaneous (pierces the muscle)
Supraspinatus
Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Main actions (on arm): abduction (0-15)
Innervation: suprascapular
Infraspinatus
Origin: infraspinous fossa of the scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Main action (on arm): lateral rotation, adduction
Innervation: suprascapular
Teres minor
Origin: lateral border of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Main actions (on arm): lateral rotation, adduction
Innervation: axillary
Subscapularis
Origin: subscapular fossa
Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
Main actions (on arm): medial rotation, adduction
Innervation: upper and lower subscapular
Trapezius
Origin: occipital bone, spinous processes of C7-T12
Insertion: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, scapular spine, acromion
Main actions (on scapula): retraction, medial and lateral rotation, elevation, depression, extension of neck
Innervation: cranial nerve XI
Rhomboid minor
Origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1
Insertion: medial border of the scapula at the base of the scapular spine
Main actions (on scapula): retraction, medial rotation
Innervation: dorsal scapular
Rhomboid major
Origin: spinous processes of T2-T5
Insertion: medial border of the scapula below the scapular spine
Main actions (on scapula): retraction, medial rotation
Innervation: dorsal scapular
Levator scapulae
Origin: transverse process of C1-C4
Insertion: medial border of the scapula above the scapular spine
Main actions (on scapula): elevation, medial rotation
Innervation: dorsal scapular
Pectoralis minor
Origin: ribs 3-5
Insertion: coracoid process of scapula
Main actions (on scapula): protraction, scapular stabilization
Innervation: medial pectoral
Serratus anterior
Origin: lateral surface of ribs 1-8
Insertion: anterior surface of medial border of scapula
Main actions (on scapula): lateral rotation, protraction, holds scapula against ribcage
Innervation: long thoracic
Note
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