Intro into Nursing: Final Review

Accountability

obligation to answer for personal actions

Ethical Dilemma

exists when the right thing to do is not clear or when members of the health care team cannot agree on the right thing to do

Values

assigned to an idea or action. Freely chosen and affected by age, experience and maturity.

Societal Ethics

(society norms or issues) abortion, physician-assisted suicide, embryonic stem cell research, health care reform. Provides a strong normative basis for ethical behavior through legal and regulatory systems.

Organizational Ethics

a set of formal and informal principles and values that guide the behavior, decisions, and actions taken by members of an organization as well as the organizational structures, systems, practices, policies, and procedures developed to ensure ethical operation.

Bioethics

ethical questions surrounding the biological sciences and technology, clinical ethics - primarily with decision making at the bedside (patient specific), research ethics - examines the ethical conduct of research using human subjects and animals.

Professional Ethics

ethical standards and expectations of a particular profession. Developed by the NALPN and ANA.

Personal Ethics

an individual's own ethical foundations and practice

Registered Nurse (RN)

has obtained two to four years of education at a college, university, or hospital, and may practice nursing independently

Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)

has obtained nine months to one year of education, typically in a community college, and must always practice under the direction of a RN or other licensed practitioner.

Autonomy

Independence, self-determination, or personal freedom

Non-maleficence

Do no harm

Beneficence

Doing good (or doing the most good for the most people)

Justice

Fair to all

Veracity

Adherence to the truth; truthfulness

Ethics

the study of right and wrong and of the morality of the choices individuals make

Normative ethics

Deals with very specific judgments about right and wrong in everyday actions using the language of ethics along with factual information, prior experience, commonly held values and beliefs, and acceptable standards of behavior.

Practical ethics

Refers to the process of applying ethical theory and reasoning to daily life.

Fidelity

to be faithful to the charge of acting in the patient's best interest when the capacity to make free choice is no longer available to the patient

Unlicensed Assistive Personnel (UAP)

Includes CNAs, CMAs, and non-nursing personnel who work under direct supervision of an RN or LPN

Nursing Ethics

the values and ethical principles governing nursing practice, conduct, and relationships

Nurse Practice Act

defines nursing practice and establishes standards for nurses in each state

Scope of Practice

The range of clinical procedures and activities that are allowed by law for a profession; determined by the state

Board of Nursing

Regulatory body that manages the provisions of a state's nurse practice act

Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN)

Most independently functioning nurse; has a masters or doctorate degree in nursing

EHR

electronic health record

H&P

history and physical examination

prefix

a syllable or word that comes before a root word to change its meaning

suffix

A word or letter placed after the root.

brady-

slow

-ectomy

surgical removal

entero

intestine

intravenous

within a vein

interprofessional collaboration

promotes sharing of expertise from health care professionals to create a plan of care that will restore and maintain a client's health

Interdisciplinary Team

Collaboration of everyone involved with the patient

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

back of body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Collaboration

A long-term, interdependent relationship with others which requires mutual trust, vulnerability, and shared values.

Competence

possession of the required skill, knowledge, qualification, or capacity to perform a task

Commitment

a pledge, promise, or obligation; the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause or activity

Advocacy

in nursing, it refers to the practice of promoting patient rights, making improvements in the healthcare industry, and portraying a positive image of the nursing community

-cyte

cell (suffix)

erythro-

red

erythrocyte

red blood cell

-lysis

separation; destruction; loosening

hemo-

pertaining to blood

tachy-

fast, rapid

-paresis

paralysis (suffix)

hemi-

half, partial

colon

large intestine

reservoir of infection

a place where pathogens grow and reproduce that provides a safe haven for their survival

portal of exit

a way for the infectious agent to escape from the reservoir in which it has been growing

Means of transmission

how infectious microorganisms move to another location

portal of entry

a way for the infectious agent to enter a new reservoir or host

Suseptible Host

Someone who is not resistant or immune to an infection by a pathogenic organism

infectious agent

a pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus that can cause a disease

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease

developmental stress

associated with life stages - predictable and often related to challenges in resolving Erickson's developmental dilemmas (ex. intimacy vs. isolation; wanting to form bonds with others, but being prevented)

maladaptive coping

coping strategies that cause further problems for an individual (ineffective)

adaptive coping

coping strategies successful in reducing negative emotions; do not have long-term costs (effective)

adaptive coping strategies

awareness

relaxation

meditation

interpersonal communication with caring other

problem solving

pets

music

maladaptive coping strategies

aggression

indulging ourselves by eating drinking, smoking, using drugs, spending money, or sleeping too much

using defense mechanisms

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

meaning-focused coping

Stress-reducing technique that refers to anything you might think, feel, and do to give a positive meaning to a stressful situation

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Assessment

the systematic process of gathering information about an individual's present health status to identify needs and additional data to collect based on findings.

Initial Assessment

comprehensive nursing assessment resulting in baseline data that enables the nurse to make a judgment about a patient's health status, ability to manage one's own health care, and need for nursing, and to plan individualized, holistic health care for the patient

focused assessment

The nurse gathers data about a specific problem that has already been identified.

Problem Identification

the second step of the nursing process

Planning

the step of the nursing process in which the nurse works with the patient and other members of the healthcare team to set priorities, determine desired patient outcomes, and select specific interventions

Implementation

the step of the nursing process in which nursing interventions are carried out

Evaluation

the step of the nursing process in which the nurse analyzes the patient's response to interventions and uses clinical judgment to determine the extent to which goals have been met

Pharmacokinetics

what the body does to the drug

Medication Absorption

the passage of medication molecules into the blood from the site of administration

Medication Elimination

the removal of drugs from the body generally involving urine, feces, sweat, or respiration

Medication Metabolize

Chemical reactions that take place to convert a drug from smaller molecules into waste products before it can exit the body.

Medication Distribution

How the drug is transported by the blood to the site of action. It requires adequate cardiac output and tissue perfusion.

Droplet precautions

Methods of infection control that must be used when a caregiver is within 3 feet of patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by large particle droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, talking, or laughing.

Airborne precautions

used for patients with measles, chickenpox (varicella), Herpes zoster/shingles, and TB (My Chicken Hez TB)

Contact precautions

practices used to prevent spread of disease by direct or indirect contact

Standard Precautions

CDC precautions used in the care of all patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status; this category combines universal and body substance precautions

Personalistic health belief system

illness is believed to be caused by the intervention of a supernatural being or a human being with special powers

Naturalistic health belief system

tend to view health as a state of harmony between a human being and his or her environment; when this balance is upset, illness will result

Biomedical health belief system

A belief that health and illness are controlled by a series of physical and biochemical processes that can be analyzed and manipulated by humans. Primary health belief in the United States.

Proximodistal

"inside-to-outside rule" motor skills emerge in a sequence of center moving outward

Developmental Milestones

Characteristics and behaviors considered normal for children in specific age groups.

health disparities

differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other health conditions among specific population groups

Growth

the process of increasing in physical size.