Exam 2 reading assignment keys

the kidneys extract and remove ____ from the blood _____ provides the force

metabolic waste, blood pressure

the ___ kidney is more cranial and firmly attached than the ___ kidney

right, left

the microscopic function unit of the kidney is the _____

nephron

in the healthy kidney, ____% of the water and _____% of the amino acids and glucose that enter the renal tubules are reabsorbed (not excreted into urine)

80%, all

filtration occurs in the ____ of the nephron,with small saved molecules moving into the _____ and waste staying in the glomular filtrate will become ____

glomerulus, bowmans capsule, urine

Antidiuretic hormone (aka _____) is produced in the ______ and acts on the ____ to ____ the reabsorption of water

ADH, hypothalamus, kidney, enhance

The main chemical tests of kidney function are ____ and ____

Creatinine, BUN

BUN and creatanine increase when _____% of the nephrons (of both kidneys collectively) are not functional

75%

Another word for urination is ______ which is defined as the process of voiding urine

micturition

Where in the nephron are water and salts resorbed from the glomerular filtrate

proximal convoluted tubes, loop of henle

aldosterone stimulates _____ respiration in the kidney and is part of the renin-_____- aldosterone system system which ultimelty regulates _____

sodium, angiotension, blood pressure

healthy ____ cells make erythropoieten that acts on the _______ to increase produciton of ________ therefore patients with _____ disease sometimes develop a non-regerative _____

kidney, Bone marrow, RBCs, kidney, anemia

name things kidney typically excrete

Urea/Ammonia

Sodium

Creatinine

Bilirubin

Phosphorous

Hemoglobin

Potassium

Myoglobin

Uric Acid

(water)

Ketones

drugs/toxins/hormones/vitamins

Glucose

Calcium

name things the kidney conserves

water

Calcium

Protein

Phosphorous

Blood cells

Glucose

Sodium

Potassium

in addition to increased BUN and creatanine _____ may be elevated and ___ may be decreased with chronic renal disease. they also may develop hypertension, anemia and _____

phosphorus, potassium, metabolic acidosis

name the anatomical structures/organs that make up the urinary tract

kidneys(2), ureters (2), bladder, urethra

the ureter, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves leave and enter the kidney in the area called the ______

jilus

the functional unit of the kidney is called the

nephron

the glomerulus is a tuft of _____ surrounded by the _______ these two structures together are sometimes referred to as the _____

capillaries, bowman’s capsule, renal corpuscle

5 methods of urine collection

free flow/clean catch

bladder expression

catheterization

cystocenteisis

urine collection kit (cats)

the complete urinalysis has the following 4 parts

1. gross examination

                  2. specific gravity

                  3. biochemical analysis

                  4.  sediment examination

the four types of subjective or qualitative descriptions for urine during the gross examination are

color

odor

turbidity

volume

specific gravity is measured by a _______ and is defined as a density of urine as a compared to ______

refractometer, distilled water

at what temp should the urine be for running the chemical analysis (dipstick)

room temp (body temp)

Give me an example of when centrifuged supernatant would be used for the chemical analysis (dipstick) instead of uncentrifuged urine?

gross hematuria (very bloody urine)

Which tests on the urine dipstick should be disregarded as non-useful?

leukocytes, urobillinogen, nitrates, specific gravity

Describe two methods of apply urine to chemical analysis reagent pads.

pipette drop onto each pad

fill a clean tube, hold tube almost horizontal add strip and keep horizontal

myoglobin in horse urine would turn the urine ____ color and most often inidcates disease condition ____

red, rhabdomyolysis

  List the six formed elements that maybe identified in the urine sediment during microscopic exam.

red blood cells

white blood cells

epithelial cells

microorganisms

casts

crystals

Bilirubin crystal are considered normal in concentrated urine from which species

dogs

Monohydrate calcium crystals look like picket fence posts and are associated with ____ toxicity

antifreeze (ethylene glycol)

true or false : a few red blood cells or white blood cells in the urine can be normal.

true

urine sediment should be scanned in _____ power and elements should be quanified and recorded on examination at ____ power

10x, 40x

Please list 6 causes of an animal having decreased urine concentrating ability

hypercalcemia

hyperglycemia

glucocorticoids

hypokalemia

loss of sodium to urine

loss of renal tubular function

urine ph: neutral-high

disease accociated: UTI

what crystal

struvite (triple phosphate)

urine ph: neutral-high

disease accociated:liver disease, PSS, dalmations (normal)

what crystal

urate (ammonium biurate)

urine ph:low to neutral

disease accociated: schanuzers, hyperparathyroidism

what crystal

calcium oxalate (bihydrate)

urine ph: low to neutral

disease accociated:ethylene glycol (antifreeze)

what crystal

calcium oxalate (monohydrate)

urine ph: X

disease accociated: liver diease, IMHA

what crystal

bilirubin

urine ph: low to neutral

disease accociated: hereditary cystinuria

what crystal

cystine

Define the medical term urolith. 

a stone/calculus within the urinary tract (not specific to the bladder)

med term for Bladder stone specifically

urocystolith

dysuria

abnormal urination

pollakiuria

frequent small amounts of urine

polyuria

increased urine produciton

oliguria

decreased urine production

anuria

no urine production

periuria

“urinating around” urinating in inapprpriate places (out of litter box)

stranguria

straining to urinate

List 6 clinical signs of urolithiasis

blood in urine

urinating in small amounts

urinary accidents

strainging to urinate

abdominal discomfort

vomiting

urinary stones may physically block the urine flow causing ______ that requires immediate emergency treatments

urethral obstruction

Signs of urethral obstruction

dribbling urine                                      vomiting

straining or posturing to urinate with no urine production

vocalizing when trying to urinate           licking penis/prepuce

inappetence

Radiography is a useful means in which bladder stones can be detected. What is the medical term for a urinary stone that is visible on a radiograph

radiopaque

What is the medical term for a urinary stone that is NOT visible on a radiograph?

radiolucent

Uroliths are made up of minerals. List some of the common minerals found in uroliths

calcium, magnesium, phosphorus (carbonate, oxalate, ammonium, urate, cystine)

if bladder stones cannot be dissolved they are surgically removed. a ____ is med term for surgery performed to open bladder to remove stones

cystotomy

pH above 7 is what (urine)

alkaline

pH of 7 is what (urine)

neutral

pH below 7 is what (urine)

acidic

hyperkalemia is a consequence of ____ when urine cannot be voided

obstructive uropathy

Name 3-4 intravenous medications used in treatment of hyperkalemia

insulin

dextrose

calcium

sodium chloride fluids (don’t contain K+)

how would you monitor a patient with hyperkalemia

ECG (and heart rate and serial electrolyte rechecks)

Name five toxins that can cause kidney (renal) failure.

ethylene glycol

lily ingestions

NSAIDs

grapes

raisins

Are males or females more likely to develop urinary incontinence?

females

What tests should be done prior to starting urinary incontinence medications?

urinalysis (minimum) sometimes culture/x-ray

Name two medications used to treat urinary incontinence.

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), Estradiol(also deiethylstibesterol DES)- both estrogens