Chapter 12 Exam Knowt History

study tool for history

October Revolution

Led by the Bolsheviks - A communist party headed by Vladimir Lenin.

Communism

Political Party that practices equal wealth and distribution and eliminates free enterprise.

Nicholas II

Tsar of Russia prior to the revolution.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Peace treaty signed between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia's participation in World War I.

2nd Battle of the Marne

Germany's last major offensive attack.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty signed to end WWI, held at the Palace of Versailles. Germany pay reparations - payments for damages caused by the war (33 billion)

War ends

War ends on Nov. 11, 1918 (@ 11:00am).

14 Points Plan

Wilson's plan to rebuild Europe and prevent another war.

Open covenants of peace

End to Alliances.

Reduce Armies/ Navies

A point in Wilson's 14 Points Plan.

Reduce colonial claims

A point in Wilson's 14 Points Plan aimed at Imperialism.

Creation of the League of Nations

A point in Wilson's 14 Points Plan.

League of Nations

A world organization where countries could gather and peacefully resolve their differences.

Irreconcilables

Republicans in the Senate vote against League of Nations (U.S. doesn't join)

Henry Ford

Founder of the Ford Motor Company (1903).

Assembly line

Created by Henry Ford in 1913 to help build cars faster and drop the price of the car.

Mass Production

The rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical products.

Ford's Labor Philosophy

Offered employees $5/day (Doubled their salary) and 8hr work days. Workers were encouraged to suggest ways to improve productivity

Model T

Nickname was 'Tin Lizzy'; only came in black; durable, reliable and easy to fix. It could be driven on most surfaces

Original cost of Model T

Original cost (1908) was $825, but by 1927 the cost dropped to $290.

The benefits of cars to America

1. Economic growth in related car manufactures. (examples?)

2. Gas, Steel, rubber, glass. 

3. Road Construction Railroads and Trolleys saw a decline

4. Development of Suburbs

5. Prompted a new sense of freedom/prosperity

Consumer Revolution

A flood of new, affordable goods became available to the public.

Installment buying

Making a small down payment and then pay the rest off in regular monthly payments.

Bull Market

A continuous rise in stock prices.

Bear Market

A continuous drop in stock prices.

Investors buying on margin

Buying stocks on credit with a loan from a broker. Brokers borrowed money from banks.

Speculation

Placing money in high risk investments with hopes of making money.

Harding's Goals

Promoted a policy of Laissez faire (reduce Gov. regulations) and lowered Taxes for the wealthy.

Andrew Mellon

Sec. of Treasure who reduced government regulations of businesses and taxes. Known as "Return to Normalcy") was able to reduce the National Debt

The Ohio Gang

Harding's close friends, who were mostly greedy and saw Govt. service as a chance to get rich (At citizens expense)

Albert Fall

Secretary of Interior involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal (Illegal renting of Naval Oil Reserves)

Calvin Coolidge

Helped restore the public's trust in the Republican Party; fired members of the Ohio Gang; continued economic growth in the U.S.

Dawes Plan

U.S. insisted that France and Britain pay their debts; Germany needed to pay reparations to France/Britain (Treaty of Versailles); U.S. lends Germany money to pay GB/France so they can pay the U.S.

Bootleggers

Smugglers who brought in alcohol from other countries (smuggled in their boot)

Speakeasies

Secret illegal clubs that served alcohol

Modernism

The growing trend to emphasize science over traditional religious beliefs

Fundamentalism

Believing in the basic truths of religion (eliminating church/state); in FUNDAMENTALISM, the bible is literally true and considered an indisputable authority

Modernists

In MODERNISM, the bible was divinely inspired but not literally true; okay with separation of church/state

Evolution

The process of gradual change in the gene pool over an extended period of time; Darwin argued that humans evolved from simpler life forms over millions of years

ACLU

Believed the law making it illegal to teach evolution was unconstitutional, offered to defend any challengers

John Scopes

A High School Biology Teacher who accepted the challenge to teach evolution and was arrested and put to trial; found GUILTY

Social Darwinism

The idea that only the fittest (strongest) survive

Red Scare

Widespread fear of suspected communists and radicals thought to be plotting a revolution within the U.S.

Palmer raids

A series of raids where police arrested thousands of people suspected of being communist

Prohibition of alcohol

Rural areas: Favored prohibition

Urban areas: Opposed prohibition

The Anti-Saloon League

Influential organization that opposed the use of alcohol; asked its members to vote only for candidates who would ban alcohol

The Volstead Act

Set federal punishments for the manufacture and sale of alcohol

Supporters of Prohibition

Known as 'Drys'

Opponents of Prohibition

Known as 'Wets'

St. Valentine's Day Massacre

Bloody murder of 7 of Bugsy Moran's men

Nickelodeons

Name for movie theaters (because it only cost a nickel to get in)

The Jazz Singer

1927 film that was the 1st movie with sound

Charlie Chaplin

Most famous of the silent movie stars

KDKA

Pittsburgh was the 1st radio station in the U.S.

Babe Ruth

Would become one of baseball's greatest home run hitters

Charles Lindbergh

Became the 1st person to fly across the Atlantic; his plane was called 'The Spirit of St. Louis'

Amelia Earhart

Became the 1st woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem became the nation's largest African-American community in the 1920s

Marcus Garvey

Prominent African-American leader who advocated the separation of races

Louis Armstrong

Unofficial ambassador of jazz

W.C. Handy

Considered the 'Father of Blues Music'

Sigmund Freud

Argued that much of human behavior is driven not by rational thought but by unconscious desires

The Lost Generation

Americans who became disillusioned with society after World War I