Final test oceanography

precious coral

used to be a familiar thing, today it is more precious, not being harvested in quantities, becoming part of the endangered species act- countries forbid harvesting them, very expensive

angel skin

lighter variety of the precious coral

Louis Pasteur

developed a cure for rabies

mother of pearl

inner layer (nacre) of CRE (shells)

nautilus

illegal to export and import in US, special permits required, charismatic looking shell, put on endangered list

shell cameo

less common in US now, bull mouth helmet shell, some can be set in gold

ivory

from ocean, whale teeth, 6-8 inches long, scrimshaws have these

culturing pearls

layer and layer of nacre, oyster- sand grown, culturing them takes 2-4 years, can be natural or cultured, when you buy cultured pearls look for a wink

kolkichi mikimo

wanted to produce pearls commercially, couldn’t produce a round pearl, could produce quantity but not quality, his daughter married a man who had the secret, she shared it with her dad when he passed

natural pearl vs cultured pearl

natural- made of layer upon layer of nacre, cultured pearl, has a pearl nucleus and a layer of nacre

ambergris

comes from the stomach and intestine of whales, worth tons of money, used in Europe as a fixative for perfumes

#1 most valued material in the ocean

oil and gas

#1 quantity mined in the ocean

sand and gravel

guand

bird poop and bat poop, used as a fertilizer, mines, birds nest for eons

polly metalic modulles

always used in high speed cutting tools, produce oxygen for ocean floor

howard hughes

build boats and planes, deep sea module harvesting, glamor explorer (big ship), fancy equipment, he built it all, found Russian code machine on Russian submarine

modules

in areas of Atlantic and pacific, plentiful off east coast

atoll

corals formed in volcanic activity, erupts, goes dormant, coral forms around the structure, volcano begins to erode

Great Barrier Reef

largest structure built by life forms on the planet

coral pollup

shell on outside, lives with algae

zooxanthellae

yellow, photosynthetic algae

healthy coral

all tissue inside of algae

stressed coral

if stressed algae leaves coral

bleached coral

turns white, no algae, bleached and vulnerable

coquina

sedimentary rock, finely broken up bits and pieces of seashells, found in the tropical or semi-tropical places, Florida and the carribean, cannon balls cannot penetrate it

2 kinds of coral reef

1. shallow and tropical 2. deep and cold

what have scientists spent the last 20 years examining?

looking to see of there is a chemical that enables us to uncover specific genes in reefs, put cold reefs into warm water and create super corals

cold water reef

not stoney corals, soft corals, 5 feet tall, bright red, rubbery, live in deep waters, survive by having special types of protein: ultraviolet lights

who owns the ocean

various countries have claims on various parts of the ocean, exclusive economic zones, later on territorial waters were established

exclusive economic zones

extends out to 200 miles, includes continental shelf and some areas beyond that, china wants to claim 1.4 million sq miles of ocean

dubloons

Spanish coins found when sucking sand off of lake erie onto presque 

vitrite

folded lump of sea glass, harder to find today

Mollusca

means soft in latin, includes snails, squids, nautilus, octopus, clams, etc, 2nd largest phylum, green and blue from symbiotic algae

radula

when a snail crawls up the glass of an aquarium, open mouth, tooth scraping alge and eating it, like a tongue sweeping over glass, most molcusca have these

periostracum

skin that fits over shells, many shells have this, if you soak in bleach it will flake off

operculum

fingernail-like structure that covers the snail in the shell, lines on surface can tell how old it is 

1st and 2nd class of Mollusca

have no shell and are almost never seen by humans, no shell means they are aplacophra, 300 species, small bethnic dwellers, no eyes, tentacles

3rd class of Muollusca

living fossils, monoplacophora (one shell), resemble the generalized mollusc, small, present in the Cambrian period, thought to be extinct until 1952, single shell, live in deep water

4th class of Mollusca

polyplacophorea, 8 parts segmented shells, biggest is the gunboat chiton, embedded in a soft mass of tissue, ribbon of teeth shell, metal teeth

5th class of Mollusca

scaphoda/ tusk shells, tooth shells, long slender body, burrows into mud, shell open at both ends, sucks water in, color pattern

6th class of Mollusca

bivalvia, two shells, clams and muscles, ridged to keep it lodged in the sand

muscles

highly endangered, spines stuck out to anchor it, US has largest population, offspring attach to a real fish, larva flairs out, attaches to fins of the fish as they go through the larva state, female muscles that have lures, fish eject glocadia into gills

byvalve

shells with no mouth, stomach, absorbs nutritious gases

kuphus

ship worm, feed on nutritious gases

rudist

a type of byvalve, 9 inches, top opens

7th class of Mollusca

gastropods: the snails, harp shell, found in waters off of Madagascar, laws saying you cannot collect these anymore, snails pull fish into their bodies, cone shells- kill with venom

Dr toto Olivera

died after being stung by a cone snail in his pocket, faster than cobra venom, developed a method of mining venom from them, tiny amount of venom is okay, high amount is paralyzing

vampire snail

under sand until shark is nearby, sticks out section of its mantle, nips the shark and feed on its blood, live off the coast of Florida

cephalopods

octopus, squid, ridged ring octopus, leave them alone, arganots- ridges, natures- golden and regular, squids-fight with whales

the st Augustine sea monster story

1896, hurricane blew through FL, found gigantic smelly carcus, tenticles on it, Vero measured them and determined it was a big octopus from Gulf Stream, others thought it was a whale circus, back and forth on what it was

how many oceans are on earth

1

source of earths water

comets

how much water is fresh

2 ½ to 3 ½ %

first to circumnavigate earth

Portuguese - Ferdinand Magellan - slain in phillipines and did not get to complete it, but his expedition did

how much of the earth is ocean

around 75%

where does sound travel faster

water

what is the largest fish

whale shark

marriage of anglerfish

live in deeper parts of ocean, male and female may never meet, when they are small males will bite onto females and become attached for the rest of its life, more than one male may attach to a female

coco de mer

big coconut, natural curiosity, fertile sons, brought a lot of money back in the day

does temp of water speed up drowning

yes it does, we would drown faster in warm water, speeds up mammalian diving reflex

zheng he

Chinese explorer, mission to travel around the world with a huge fleet of ships, loaded with Chinese products, goal was to give these items away to people they would meet in foreign lands, wanted to show kindness to people around the world

bjarni herjulfsson

first European to see North America, did not set foot on land 

stromatolites 

layers of cyanobacteria, they introduced oxygen into the atmostphere, rusting the oceans and creating BIF

antikythera computer

2,000 year old computer, built by archimedes

galleon

gigantic hard to navigate ships, built as ways to transport wealth from the new world back to Spain

Gulf Stream

warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows through the Straits of Florida

atocha

sunken galleon rediscovered by Mel fisher

royal 5th

taken by the crown of Spain, noblemen would make gold chains to hide from them, first ones to sink to the floor of the ocean

SCUBA

mel fisher, first store

1715 plate fleet

spread treasure out among small galleons, and this fleet was coming up the coast of Florida, struck by a hurricane, almost every single ship went to the bottom of the ocean

captain cook 

on main ship of expedition, thought to be a god by the Hawaiians,  was an explorer and a mapper, looked for new countries and new people, not a warrior, tool taken from him and he coudln’t get it back, lost his life and was scalped alive by king Kamehameha

Columbus voyages to the Indies

made 3 trips back and forth, on one trip he was a prisoner, freed as soon as he got back to Spain

prince Henry

helped develop naval technology, compasses

thea + the moon

rogue planet formed same distance from the sun as us, collided with earth, collision formed the first ring around the earth, which formed the moon, may have formed in a day

3 different kinds of meteorite

stone, iron, stoney-iron

sirenian

classification for manatees and dugongs, both considered to be sea cows

stellar sea cow

largest of sirenians, could get to 25-30 feet in length, only sirenian that could live in cold water, fed on kelp

pachyostic

where the bones are very solid, not much marrow in them, give animals proper buoyancy

pinnipeds

seals, sea lions, and walruses, means to be feather footed

baculum

bone that supports male reproductive organ, mate at drop of a hat

how can we protect manatees

drive boats slowly, watch for the animals

mud volcanism

happens more frequently in the ocean, weight of overlying sediments pushing down on the sea floor, formed places where mud will well up to the surface forming a hill mud flows out, low temp

obsidian

lava cools rapidly, get a glass that forms, when ejected and filled with gasses, it will expand

pumice

when obsidian expands pumice is formed

ash

step beyond pumice, when pumice is blown to pieces by expanding, it can form volcanic ash. can be glassy and microscopic, breath it in feels like knives

peles hair

volcanic glass threads that can be ejected from a fumerul on the side of a volcano

bombs

lumps of lava ejected from a volcano, aerodynamically shaped as they pass through the atmostohere

lava/magma 

lava on surface, magma underground or in volcano

vog

volcanic fog, primarily consisting of gases such as hydrogen sulfide, CO2, ejected from a rusting volcano

atlantis

legend based on historical occurrence, island said be a warlike people blown up by a volcano

deep sea vents and why they may be mined

located on spreading setters, seams that run around the planet, come up in Iceland, home to extraordinary eco systems, not dependent on the sun, people want to mine these but would be destroying ecosystems

thera/santorini

huge volcanic eruption witnessed there, was particularly violent because of the nature of water, the magma chamber was opened to the sea and water poured in, it boiled and expanded

whale barnacle

white patches known as callosities, can live no where in the ocean except on great whales who move them around, find food together

phyllocarid shrimp

modern ones are no bigger than a pea, frequently seen in the ocean, 3 long sharp spines, 354 million years old

isopod

parasite in mouth, share fishes meal when it eats, large type is known as bathynormous, claws can cut through a wetsuit, feed on seals

tribolite

totally extinct, lives from Cambrian to Permian time periods, very diverse, trident like structure comes ofthe front, hard to take them off a rock, stick to them, very spiney

Royal red shrimp

collected by deep sea trolling, come from gulf, special delicacy

sea spider/pycnogonida

fairly common in the ocean, brightly colored, small, segmented abdomen, 2 long arms in front, males protect the young in their legs

horse shoe crabs

come up the the thousands to mate, largest females carry and lay eggs, more males the females, lay eggs then males fertilize them

crabs

two legs, fold abdomen under body, when claws are torn off they regenerate them