Public Administration Overall

Definitions: Max Weber

advance management and policies so that government can function

Definitions: Woodrow Wilson

details and systemic application of law

Definitions: L. D. White

operations for enforcement of public policy

Definitions: Dwight Waldo

art and science of managament

Definitions: Rosenbloom

Use of managerial, legal, and political theories

Broad perspective/Modern View/Subject Matter View (Woodrow Wilson, Dimock, Piffner)

All 3 branches of the government (executive, legislative, judicial)

Integral view

sum totals of all managerial, clerical, or manual labor.

Managerial view

Work of only those who are performing managerial tasks.

POSDCoRB

Planning - plan everything

Organizing - allocate tasks to proper subordinate

Staffing - bringing and training staff

Directing - instruct staff

Coordinating - manage between departments

Reporting - report to leaders

Budgeting - just report budget

Subject Matter View (as opposed to POSDCoRB)

includes non-POSDCoRB fields like defence, law enforment, etc.

\-instrument for providing services

\-instrument for providing/implementing policies

\-stabilizing force in society

\-instrument of social change and development

Importance of pub adm (4)

\-preservation of polity

\-maintenance of order

\-institutionalization of socioeconomic changes

\-ensuring growth and economic development

\-protection of weaker members of society

\-influencing public policies and trends

Roles of pub adm (6)

What do pub adms do?

\-Research, plan, and implement policies that fall within budgets and follow law

\-Coordinate with others to adopt new policies

\-Manage and evaluate special programs

\-Collect and analyze data to make adjustments

\-communicate the effectiveness of programs to public and stakeholders

Political character:

\-govt to political control

\-businesses no political control

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Public accountability:

\-subject to public accountability

\-free from it

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Principle of Uniformity:

\-consistent in treatment

\-preferential treatment

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External financial control:

\-controlled by legislature

\-not subject to external financial control

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Service Motive

\-public welfare

\-profit

Differences between business and pub adm

\-The govt is subject to legal framework. Rigid in operation

\-businesses are flexible in operation

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Differences between businesses and pub adm: legal framework

\-Monopolistic function e.g. defence

\-business activities are less urgent, not comprehensive

Differences between businesses and pub adm: nature of function

\-govt: admin, policy, service efficiency

\-profit is criteria for efficiency

Differences between business and pub adm: efficiency management

\-govt pluralist: diverse group and organizations

\-business small group/ 1 individual

Differences between business and pub adm: decision making

govt: subject to political control

businesses: no political control

Differences between businesses and pub adm: political character

govt: subject to public accountability

businesses: free from public accountability

Differences between businesses and pub adm: public accountability

government: consistent in treatment, aligned with laws

businesses: preferential treatment

Differences between businesses and pub adm: principle of uniformity

govt: finances controlled by legislature

businesses: not subject to external financial control

Differences between businesses and pub adm: external financial control

govt: serve public and community welfare

businesses: profit motive

Differences between businesses and pub adm: service motive

1. political character
2. public accountability
3. uniformity
4. external financial control
5. service motive
6. legal framework
7. nature of function
8. efficiency management
9. decision making

Differences between businesses and pub adm (9)

Approaches to PA: philosophical approach

* all aspects of administrative activities and underlying ideals of them
* rationalization of human behavior in administrative activites
* which looks at values of the administrative structures and the values and expectations of the individuals or society it ought to serve
* Plato, Hobbes, Locke

Approaches to PA: legal approach

* Focus on formal legal structure and organization of public bodies
* concerned with power- it’s structure and function
* Germany, Belgium, USA
* formal organization of offices, official duties, limitations of power

Approaches to PA: historical approach

* explain administrative institutions in light of their past
* phases of administrative institutions in chronological order
* trace development of institutes through history

Approaches to PA: Case-method approach

* narrative of the events that constitute a decision of an administrator
* it is believed to remain a consistent feature in the study and teaching of public administration.
* decision-making behavior and influence of factors on the process

Approaches to PA: Structural approach

* emphasizes POSDCoRB
* proper reference to the environment in which public administration is working as well as the human factor
* consider different societies as a whole to maintain stability

Approaches to PA: Human Relations approach

* keep basic needs of public in mind while policy forming
* relationship between public and administration
* humans are motivated by non-economic factors like goals/beliefs
* study informal relationships
* public admin > public and top management > subordinate

Approaches to PA: behavioral approach

* study of informal aspects of an organization
* borrows from social sciences
* political, social, economic factors influencing humans

Approaches to PA: systems approach

* administration is seen as a system of interrelated and interdependent parts (sub-systems) who interact among themselves
* organizational sub-systems are adaptive in nature; they can affect the larger system and can as well be affected by it; they are dynamic 

Approaches to PA: Comparative approach

* studying other countries comparatively
* explains factors cross-national similarities/differences
* quest for patterns and irregularities in admin

Approaches to PA: development approach

* different strategies for socioeconomic growth
* update your policies regularly

Approaches to PA: ecological approach

* social, economic, political technological factors for environment
* PEST analysis
* cost-benefit analysis

Empirical approach

focuses on the description and analysis of actual administrative Situations

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what it actually is

Normative approach

what public administration “ought to be”

suggests ideal situations

Phase 1 of Public Administration: Politics-Administration dichotomy

* Woodrow Wilson set the tone with essay **“The study of Administration**” in 1887
* Separation between politics and administration
* politics: policy making
* administration: implementation of policies
* Goodnow: responsibility of politicians to make political decisions, but they don’t have expertise. Qualified people are needed
* in 1926 L.D. White said PA is value free science aimed at efficiency

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Phase 2 of PA: Principles of Administration

* certain general principles of PA like any science
* intellectual peak of study of PA, called golden age
* Taylor’s book **“Principles of Scientific Management”** 1911
* Gantt Chart, flow process chart, 12 principles of efficiency: apply science to PA
* “Public” aspect of PA was dropped at this stage and focus was on efficiency

Phase 2 of PA: books (4)

**Henry Fayol:** *Industrial and General Management*

**Mary Follet:** *Creative Experience*

**Mooney and Riley:** *Onward Industry, Principles of Organization*

**Gullick and Uriwck:** *Papers on Science of Administration*

Phase 3 of PA: Era of Challenges

* Barnard’s **“Functions of the Executive”** challenged phase 2:

1\. rejection of politics and administration dichotomy

2\. principles lack scientific validity

* Marx “**Elements of Public Administration:**” politics and admin can’t be dichotomized bc admin is political
* For every principle, there’s a counter principle. Principle approach was criticized bc too formal and lack of study on psycho-social aspect.
* Dahl: long way from science of PA


1. place of normative values clear
2. nature of man in PA and behaviors understood
3. discover universal principles

Phase 4 of PA: Identity Crisis

Two reactions:

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* linkages between PA and political science
* administrative science, differentiation between business and institutional administration is false

What happened:


1. rise of human relations approach
2. growing use of case-method and comparative approach
3. ecological approach
4. critical perspective of PA
5. crystallization of concept of development

Phase 5: Public Policy Perspective

* interpenetration of politics and administration at all levels
* programmatic character of all administration
* science of PA more developed
* primary goal: role and extent of state

14 principles of Administrative Management by Henry Fayol

1. **division of labor:** specialized work > efficiency increases >more output
2. **authority:** managers have authority but also responsibility
3. **discipline:**
4. **unity of command:** only 1 direct supervisor
5. **unity of direction:** teams with 1 objective > 1 supervisor
6. **subordination of individual interests:** interests of 1 employee or manager not more important than whole group
7. **renumeration:** employee satisfaction > fair compensation
8. **centralization:** how close are employees to decision-making process
9. **scalar chain:** employees’ awareness of where they stand
10. **order:** clean, safe work facilities
11. **equity:** fairness to staff
12. **Stability of tenure:** minimize employee turnover
13. **initiative:** employees given necessary freedom to carry out plans
14. **esprit de corps:** promote team unity

What are the five functions of management according to Henry Fayol's categorization? (classical)

1. **planning:** forecast future conditions, set objectives, develop means to achieve it
2. **organizing:** structure activities and individuals
3. **commanding:** direct supervision of employees, motivating efforts
4. **coordinating:** identify, arrange, schedule activities
5. **controlling:** constant supervision of activities

What are the 4 major principles of administrative theory by Mooney and Riley? (classical)

1. coordinative principle: orderly arrangement of group effort
2. scalar principle
3. division of work
4. line and staff

Administrative management by Luther Gulick (classical)

1. functional principle
2. scalar principle
3. span of control
4. Unity of Command
5. Homogeneity Principle
6. Line-Staff principle

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POSDCoRB

Participatory management theory

* All stakeholders actively involved in decision-making process
* Information sharing: all employees know of economic status of firm
* employee decision making: determining work schedules to budgeting
* Rewards tied to suggestions & performance
* supportive relationship: raise employee skills and offer opportunities for development

4 systems of management by Rensis Likert

1. Exploitative-Authoritative: Managers impose on employees and use fear
2. Benevolent-Authoritative: leader uses rewards for motivation but makes all decisions with no teamwork
3. Consultative: leader may incorporate subordinates ideas but subs do not feel responsible for companys end
4. Participative: the leader encourages subs, everyone feels responsible for org

Benefits of Participator Management Theory (7)

1. Employees are more involved with work because there’s a proper channel of communication
2. Valuation of each other’s work, employees will work for recognition
3. Engagement higher bc sense of belonging
4. True collaborative culture
5. Greater autonomy between employees
6. Employees less afraid to suggest ideas
7. Recognition of human dignity

Disadvantages of Participator Management Theory (2)

1. Decision-making slows down
2. When information is known to too many people in early stages, there is a security issue

Human Resource Theory

Theory X:

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What is public policy?

process of prioritizing and allocating resources in an efficient manner to provide relief to people

Importance of public policy

* make society lead a better life
* maintain delivery of goods
* mechanism of developing socio-economic system
* clear and unique purpose to achieve goal

Redistributive policy

shift resources from those who have them to those who do not

Distributive policy

resources of all to benefit a segment of society

Regulatory policies

Modify the behavior of groups or people

Reactive policy

created in response to current passing problems e.g. environmental disasters

Proactive policy

course of actions designed to prevent a problem

public policy process in Pak

1. Constitution states executive branch makes policies, with further federal, provincial, and municipal governments
2. Under 18th amendment, this responsibility has transferred to provincial governments which can further delegate it to local governments.
3. Altho elected govts are responsible for developing viable policies
4. In reality, policy making has been dominated by vested interests

Name the five steps of public policy process

1. Problem Identification
2. Policy Formulation
3. Policy Adoption
4. Policy Implementation
5. Policy Evaluation