Organic Molecules:

• Organic Molecules/Macromolecules/Biochemistry/Biomolecules = Building blocks of life

  • Macro = Large

  • Bio = Life

  • Molecules = 1 or more atoms

  • Organic = contains carbon

• All Living things have carbon!

Carbon:

• Forms up to 4 bonds

• Can form chains or rings with single, double, or triple bonds

  • CH3 = Methol Group

  • CH2 = Metholine

  • H3C= Pentene

Monomers Vs Polymers:

• Monomer  - Individual molecules that hook together to make a polymer.

  • Mono = 1

  • Builds polymers from individual units

  • Ex: legos (pieces)

• Polymer – Large Molecules made up of monomers.

  • Poly = Many

  • Large molecules made from individual monomers

  • Ex: Stacking legos to build a tower

The 4 Macromolecules or Biological Molecules:

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates:

Functions:

• Short term energy and structural support

• Most end in –ose(sugar)

• Sugar is made up of C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio

Ex: Glucose - C6H12O6

Monomer and Polymer for Carb:

Monomer:

• Monosaccharide (single sugar)

  Mono = 1

  Saccharide = sugar

  • Glucose (plants)

  • Galactose (milk)

  • Fructose (fruit)

Polymer:

• Polysaccharide – many monosaccharide.

• Ex. Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, and Chitin

Type of Carbohydrate:

1. Starch -  Energy storage for plants

   • Iodine tests for the presence of starch.

   • If you put a drop of iodine on starch it changes color from yellow/brown to purple.

2. Glycogen – Stores excess glucose in an animal's liver

3. Cellulose – in plants’ cell wall

   • Humans cannot digest cellulose.

4. Chitin – Makes the exoskeletons(structure) of arthropods, and cell walls of fungi.

Complex Carbohydrates:

Formation:

• Dehydration Synthesis

  Dehydration:  Lacking/remaining H20

  Synthesis: combine/make/forming

• Combining single compounds into a complex one by removing water

Breakdown:

• Hydrolysis

Hydro = Water

Lysis = Disintegration

• Addition of WATER to a compound SPLITS it

Lipids

• Lipids = Fat

• Made up of C H O (mostly C H)

• Major functions:

  • long-term energy storage

  • Insulation

  • Waterproof coverings(Plant leaves)

• Lipids are nonpolar & do not dissolve in water

• The test for lipids is the brown paper bag test.  All lipids leave grease stains

Monomer and Polymer for Lipids:

• Monomer: glycerol and fatty acid

• Polymer: __Tri__glyceride

  • Tri = 3 -> glycerols and fatty acids

Examples of Lipids:

1. Oil-energy storage in plants

2. Fat energy storage, protection and insulation in animals

3. Waxes: waterproof coverings

4. Phospholipids: Make up cell membranes

5. Hormones: messengers for body

   • Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone

Saturated Fats (Straight):

• Solid at room temp

  • Ex: Steak fat, butter, etc.

• These are bad for you!!!

• Every carbon is single bonded

Unsaturated Fats (Bent):

• They are Liquid at room temp

  • Ex: olive oil, oil from avocados

• Good for you!

• Two of the carbons are double bonded