Chapter 9: Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach
What Role Do Humans Play in the Premature Extinction of Species?
Extinctions Are Natural but Sometimes They Increase Sharply
- Biological Extinction: No species member alive
- Background Extinction: Natural low rate of extinction
- Extinction Rate: Percentage or number of species that go extinct in a certain time period
- Mass Extinction: 50-95% of species become extinct usually due to a major global change in environmental conditions.
Endangered and Threatened Species Are Ecological Smoke Alarms
- Endangered Species: Species with few members that the species could become extinct
- Threatened Species (vulnerable species): Still enough members to survive, but numbers declining -- may soon be endangered
Characteristics of Species That Are Prone to Ecological and Biological Extinction
- Low reproductive rate
- Specialized niche
- Narrow distribution
- Feeds at high trophic level
- Fixed migratory patterns
- Rare
- Commercially valuable
- Large territories
Why Should We Care About The Rising Rate of Species Extinction?
4 Reasons to Prevent Extinction
Species provide natural resources and natural services
- Insects for pollution
- Birds for pest control
Most species contribute economic services
- Plants for food, fuel, lumber, medicine
It will take 5-10 million years to regain species’ biodiversity
Many people believe species have an intrinsic right to exist
How Do Humans Accelerate Species Extinction?
HIPPCO
- H: Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation
- I: Invasive (nonnative) species
- P: Population and resource use growth
- P: Pollution
- C: Climate change
- O: Overexploitation
Habitat Fragmentation
- Habitat Fragmentation: Large intact habitat divided by roads, crops, urban development
- Leaves habitat islands
- Blocks migration routes
- Divides populations
- Inhibits migrations and colonization
- Inhibits finding food
Causes of Depletion and Extinction of Species
- Underlying Causes
- Population growth
- Rising resource use
- Poverty
- Direct Causes
- Habitat loss
- Invasive species
- Pollution
- Climate change
- Overfishing
- Bioaccumulation: Increase in concentration of a pollutant in an organism
- Biomagnification: Increase in concentration of a pollutant in a food chain
- Pesticides
- Ex: DDT Banned in the U.S. in 1972
Characteristics of Successful Invader Species
- High reproductive rates
- Pioneer species
- Long-lived
- High dispersal rate
- Generalists
- High genetic variability
Characteristics of Ecosystems Vulnerable to Invader Species
- Climate similar to the habitat of the invader
- Absence of predators on invading species
- Early successional systems
- Low diversity of native species
- Absence of fire
- Disturbed by human activities
Controlling Invasive Species
- Do not capture or buy wild animals/plants
- Do not remove plants from their habitat
- Do not release pets into the nature
- Do not dump contents from an aquarium into the nature
Individuals Matter
- Jane Goodall: Primatologist and anthropologist
- 45 years of understanding and protecting chimpanzees
- Chimps have tool-making skills
How Can We Protect Wild Species from Premature Extinction
Treaties and Acts that Help Protect Species
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES): Singed by 172 countries in 1975
- Convention on Biological Diversity: It focused on ecosystems and was ratified by 190 countries. (Not in the US)
- Endangered Species Act: Identify and protect endangered species in the US and abroad. It also does not allow federal agencies from funding projects that threaten species that are already endangered
- National Marine Fisheries Service: Protect and Identify ocean species
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services: Protect and identify all other species
Gene Banks, Botanical Gardens, and Wildlife Farms Can Help Protect Species
- Gene or seed banks: Preserve genetic material of endangered plants
- Botanical gardens and arboreta are also known as living plants
- Farms to raise organisms for commercial sale
Protecting Species
- Do not buy items that endanger animal species
- Do not buy products that are created by cutting old-growth forests
- Do not buy animals that were taken from the wild
- Do not buy plants that were taken from the wild
The Precautionary Principle
- Precautionary Principle: Act to prevent or reduce harm when preliminary evidence indicates its needed
- Species are primary components of biodiversity
- Prevention of species
- Prevention of ecosystems