AP English Exam 2022

Simile

A comparison of two unlike things using like or as

Metaphor

comparison not using like or as

Personification

the giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea

Hyperbole

extreme exaggeration

Sensory detail

words and phrases that create imagery by using the 5 senses

Rhetoric

Rhetoric

the art of using language effectively and persuasively

Ethos

establishes personal credentials

Logos

reason and facts

Pathos

inspiring an emotional response

Tone

Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character

DIDLS

D- diction

I- imagery

D- details

L- language

S- syntax

SOAPS

S- speaker

O- occasion

A- audience

P- purpose

S- subject

SPACECAT

S-Speaker

P- Purpose

A- Audience,

C- Context,

E- Exigence,

C- Choices,

A- Appeals,

T- Tone

Claim

the writer's position on an issue or problem

Evidence

pieces of text used to prove something true

Thesis

a defensible statement

Counter

opposite side

Fallacies

a misleading or false idea; mistaken reasoning

First hand evidence

Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.

Personal Experience

A short story about an experience in your life that is relevant to the writing topic.

Anecdotes

short, often amusing stories

Current events

situations happening right now around the world that can be used as evidence for an argument

Second-hand evidence

Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation including factual, historical information, and statistics

Historical Events

something that happened in the past that can be used as evidence

Bandwagon Appeal

A claim that a listener should accept an argument because of how many other people have already accepted it.

8 parts of speech

noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection

Noun

A person, place, thing, or idea

Pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun

Adjective

A word that describes a noun

Verb

An action word

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

Preposition

A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word

Conjunction

A word used to join words or groups of words

Interjection

a word thrown into a sentence or conversation

Pronoun/ Antecedent Agreement

Matching like numbers of pronouns and their antecedents: singular with singular, plural with plural

Noun/Verb Agreement

nouns and verbs must agree in number, type, and tense.

Commonly Misused Words

affect (verb) vs. effect (noun)

farther (distance) vs further (time or quantity)

there (location) vs. their (possession)

accept (take) vs. except (besides)

rein vs. reign

Comma rules

Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction to separate independent clauses within a sentence.

Use a comma to separate elements that introduce and modify a sentence.

Use commas before and after a parenthetical expression.

Use commas before and after an appositive.

Use a comma to set off an interjection.

Use commas to separate coordinate adjectives.

Use commas to set off a nonrestrictive phrase or clause.

Use a comma to separate items in a list or series.

Use commas in dates, addresses, place names, numbers, and quotations.

Use commas before a noun of direct address

Example of Apostrophes

My friend's house is at the end of the street.

The Women's Society meets every Thursday at the high school.

Someone's bicycle is leaning against the building.

Examples of a Semicolon

Jane starts a new job today; she is very excited.

I don't understand the directions; my teacher must explain them to me.

Examples of Colon

We are required to bring the following items to camp: a sleeping bag, a pillow, an alarm clock, clothes, and personal-care items.

Jennifer encountered a problem that she had not anticipated: a broken Internet link.

Captain John Paul Jones said: "I have not yet begun to fight." Dear Mr. Smith:

Blaze: A Story of Courage

Example of parenthesis

In addition to serving as Class Treasurer (during her junior year), she was also a National Merit Scholar.

Alan visited the Football Hall of Fame (on a guided tour) during his summer vacation.

Who vs. Whom

The word "who" is used as a subject in a sentence. The word "whom" is used as an object.

Example of a Dash

Dr. Evans—a noted scientist and educator—spoke at our commencement ceremony.

The Homecoming float—cobbled together with wire and nails—teetered dangerously down the street.

Show vs. Tell

the more you "show" what is going on in your writing through the five senses and emotion, the more your reader stays in the story; when you tell, you are giving information.

Five main events from Into the Wild

1. Chris graduated from college and started planning his "odyssey"

2. Chris cut off all contact with his parents, abandoned his car, burnt all of his money, and

3. Chris starts to consider going back to civilization

4. Chris ate wild potato seeds

5. Chris's body was discovered in the abandoned bus by travelers

Five main events from the documentary

1. Alex practiced and practiced and practiced climbing Al Cap with his friend (another free soloist) while using ropes

2. Alex got a brain scan and found out his amygdala didn't work

3. Alex set out early one morning to free solo El Cap but turned around after getting to the slick part because he got nervous

4. Alex and Sonny bought a house together

5. Alex free soloed El Cap for the first time in human history

Abundant

Present in large quantities

Accurate

Correct; free from errors

Acquire

To come into possession of

Adamant

Refusing to change an opinion

Adequate

Enough to meet a specific task or purpose

Adequate

Enough to suit your needs

Adjacent

Close to or next to

Adverse

Unfavorable; against one's desires