Institutionalization and socialization (copy)

Institutions

Collections of role expectations (structure) given shape by the norms (culture) of the society, leading to behavioral patterns that satisfy certain needs

Externalisation, Institutionalisation as a theory

The first time people do something in a certain way

Objectivation, Institutionalisation as a theory

The way of doing things does not seem man made. It is still questioned, you see a need to legitimatize why you do things in a certain way. The things that has been decided seems objective.

Internalisation, Institutionalisation as a theory

new generations no longer ask why because they have internalized the practise

Thomas theorem

If we define situations as real, they become real in their consequences        

Social constructivism

Reality is understood through subjective definitions, which are shared through interaction, and therefore seem objective appraisals. Everything seems objective because we tell each other that it is

Solipsism

we can prove nothing, execpt for ourself, is real.

Behaviourism – Watson

You can teach anyone anything. Behaviours are learned and everything that we do is learned through social interactions with others.

Socialisation

a lifelong social experience by which individuals construct their personal biography, assemble daily interactional rules and come to terms with the wider patterns of their culture

Primary socialisation

Parents, family

Secondary socialisation

Everything outside the family, like friends, education,

Freuds analysis

Humans respond to two general needs/drives. These drives operate primarily at the level of the unconscious mind

Eros, Freud

life insticts, pleasure and bonding

Thanatos, Freud

aggressive drives, death instincts

Id

Egocentric part of the brain that searches for excitement and satisfaction of urges and desires

Ego

Associated with reason, you are learning from the external world.

Superego

Shaped by cultural rules that have been internalized, Society has become part of you = socialization.

Sublimation

Society allows for a bursting out of more violent sides once in a while, like through sports

Looking-glass self, Cooley

The part of ourself that is viewed by others, you have to imagine how you come off to the other person

Internal attitudes, Mead

The beginning of an act

External gestures

Make a gesture (unconsciously) about what you are gonna do

Significant gestures

We act together based on symbols, when the gestures are based on symbols we call them significant gestures

I, Subject, “knower”, impulsive

The seeker, the acting subject. The person who wants to do something, the part that plans the action. 

Me, Object, “known”, socially determined

The thing that can be known by others

Imitation stage, Development of the self

For babies, Mimicking what you see, no role taking yet

Play stage, Development of the self

2-4 years old, the stage where kids can take one role of another at one time

Game stage, Development of the self

8-9 years old. A game is something where you have to take multiple roles at once

Internalization generalized other, Development of the self

You have internalized an impersonal being that represents everyone in society and thereby knows how a generalized other would react to you.

Symbolic interactionism

The sociology of everyday life, meaning develop through interactions.

Postulates (Herbert Blumer)

People act according to meaning and attribute a particular meaning about what they do

interactional order, Goffman

Between different facets of ourself. Some things we’ll show on frontstage and others at backstage

Impression management, Goffman

We want to be liked, be found important and good by other people. We play a role

Ethnometholody, Garfinkel

An effective way of exposing how we make sense of events is to purposely breaking the rules

Breaching

by breaking the social rules we reveal them

Conversation analysis

Rules of everyday speech

Sequencing

placing information in a correct order

Turn taking

take turns talking in a conversation. People are not really listening, but just wanna take their turn telling their own story

Adjacency pairs

If someone asks a question, we expect someone to answer