APUSH Unit 3, Part 2 - Study Guide #1

READ THE TITLE IT IS SELF EXPLANITORY

Battle of New York

• Won by the British

• Colonial Troops were Untrained and Poorly Equipped

• British pushed Washington’s Army Across the Delaware into Pennsylvania

Battle of Trenton

• Won by the Colonists

• It was a Surprise Attack by the Colonists on the British

• British Retaliated in September 1777 and Captured the American Capital at Philadelphia

Battle of Saratoga

• Won by the Colonists

• British General John Burgoyne didn’t realize the other British troops were in Philadelphia and wouldn’t meet him

• Boosted French belief that the Americans could win the war, caused the French to sign a formal alliance with the Americans in February 1778

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

• Won by the Colonists

• French beat British naval fleet French and Americans surrounded the British

• Caused the Treaty of Paris, which confirmed U.S. independence and laid out boundaries of the new nation

Difficulties faced by Patriot Soldiers

Soldiers during the Revolutionary War faced severe shortages of food, clothing, and ammunition as well as this they were short "staffed" and faced many medical issues many died in the cold of winter

Difficulties faced by Patriot Members of Congress

Members of Congress faced significant challenges during the Revolutionary War. They struggled to get money for the war effort, leading to inflation and a decrease in the value of currency. Additionally, they had no direct taxing power and had to rely on the individual colonies for funds.

Difficulties faced by Patriot Civilians

Shortages of supplies, food, blockades and destruction of crops. Forced quartering of soldiers on both sides. Had their homes seized and destroyed by both sides.

Loyalists

People who opposed Independence and stayed loyal to the king, included judges and governors (those close to the king) many thought the British would win and wanted to avoid punishment as rebels

Patriots

People who supported independence and got most of their members from people who saw political and economic opportunity in Independent America

Marquis de Lafayette

French military leader who led a command in Virginia later in the war, and fought as part of the Continental Army

Treaty of Paris

(1783) - Confirmed U.S. Independence and drew borders for the new nation (Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River and Canada to border of Florida

Egalitarianism

A belief in the equality of all people, created a new attitude saying that rather than wealth or familial status, ability, effort, and virtue define someone’s worth

What was homespun, and why was it important in the American Revolution?

Homespun was homemade cloth made by American women, it was started in response to acts like the Stamp Act and became a form of political rebellion.

Ways Women Contributed to the Revolutionary Effort

• Sewing uniforms and blankets for the soldiers

• Making bullets

• Raising funds for the war effort

• Take on their husband’s business affairs

• Organized relief efforts to gather supplies for the soldiers

• Homespun

• Imposed boycotts on British goods

• Spearheaded domestic production efforts

Deborah Sampson

Deborah Sampson was a woman of Massachusetts, who dressed herself up as a man to join the army. She was wounded in Tarrytown, and instead of telling the doctor that she tool a bullet to her thigh, she cut it out of her thigh and sewed her skin back together herself, however she was later discovered, discharged, and awarded for her service.

Republic

A government in which citizens rule through their elected representatives.

What were some of the powers granted to the Federal government under the Articles of Confederation?

The ability to declare war, make peace, and sign treaties. They could also borrow money, set standards for coins, weights and measures. It could also establish a postal service among the colonies.

What were the purposes of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

Land parcels were smaller and more affordable, how the states created territory

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

• Governing the lands west of the Appalachians

• Each state functioned independently

• Government had no way of raising money/funds

• Government had no way to enforce its laws

• No national court system

• Weak central government

• Little unity among the states

Shays’ Rebellion

A farmers' protest in Massachusetts over increased state taxes. Turned into mob action. Daniel Shays led an army of 1,200 farmers toward the arsenal at Springfield Massachusetts.

What did Shays’ Rebellion lead to in 1787?

People starting to call for a stronger government. Eventually, leading to the Constitutional Convention to address the future of the Articles of Confederation in Philadelphia.

The Virginia Plan

• Bicameral, two house legislature

• Representation based on each state’s population

• Agreed on by large states

The New Jersey Plan

• Single house Congress

• Equal representation regardless of population

• Agreed on by small states

The Great Compromise

• Two house legislature

• One house is an equal vote (Senate)

• One house based on population (House of Representatives)

Three-Fifths (3/5) Compromise

• Southern States thought that slaves should count in population count for the House of Representatives

  • Northern States Disagreed

• Compromise: 3/5 of a state’s slaves would be counted towards the population

The Judiciary Act of 1789

Established…

• Supreme Court

• Federal Circuit

• District Courts

Allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when constitutional issues were raised; Guaranteed federal laws remained “the supreme law of the land”

What departments did George Washington create?

• Department of State: Foreign Affairs

• Department of War: Military Matters

• Department of Treasury: Manage Finances

Who did Washington appoint to head his new departments?

• Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson

• Secretary of War: Henry Knox

• Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

How did Thomas Jefferson feel about political power and the common people?

• Distrusted strong central government

• Favored strong state and local governments rooted in popular opinion

• Favored a society of farmer-citizens

How did Alexander Hamilton feel about political power and the common people?

• Believed in a strong central government

  • Led by educated, elite, upper-class citizens

• Believe commerce and industry were the keys to a strong nation

Why did Jefferson and Madison oppose the national bank?

The Constitution made no provision for such an institution, therefore, they believed Congress had no right to authorize it, they preferred a strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Which political party did Thomas Jefferson belong to?

Democratic-Republicans: believed in strong state governments

What political party did Alexander Hamilton belong to?

Federalists: believed in a strong central government

Which regions supported which political parties? (Generally)

• Federalists: Northerners

• Democratic-Republicans: Southerners

John Adams

Federalists nominated for President in 1786 against Democratic-Repiblicans nomination of Thomas Jefferson

Alien and Sedition Acts

(1798)

• The Alien Acts (3) - raided the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 years to 14 years; and allowed the President to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable

• The Sedition Act (1) - set files and jail terms for anyone hindering operation of the government or making “false, scandalous, and malicious statements” against the government

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Jefferson and Madison saw the Alien and Sedition acts as an abuse of power; so they drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions to oppose them

• The resolutions warned the dangers of the Acts in reference to the checks and balances ensured by the Constitution

• Madison wrote the resolution for Virginia

• Jefferson wrote the resolution for Kentucky

Doctrine of Nullification

• The States had a right to void any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional.

• Virginia and Kentucky viewed the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional because they violated the first amendment right to free speech.

Federalism

• The SHARING OF POWER between the national government and the state government

The Supremacy Clause

• Article 6 of the Constitution

• Says that National law trumps State law when they contradict each other

Enumerated Powers

National laws that trump over state laws, outlined in Article 1 Section 8 of the Constitution

Reserved Powers

Laws not outlined in Article 1 Section 8, belong to the states

Concurrent Powers

Powers shared between state and federal governments

Separation of Powers

• Three Branches

• Set up to create checks and balances

Checks and Balances

• Ensure no branch has too much power

• Ex: Legislative Branch creates laws Executive Branch can veto

  • Legislative Branch can override veto with 2/3 vote (super majority)