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Wilhelm Wundt

• 1832-1920

• founded the first psychology laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig

• "Father of Psychology"

• studied vision

Edward Titchener

• 1867-1927

• studied under Wundt

• began structuralism

Structuralism

• early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener

used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Introspection

• a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings

• the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's psychological processes

Functionalism

• early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin

• explored how mental and behavioral processes function: how they enable the organism to adapt

William James

• 1842-1910

• published "The Principles of Psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins

• 1863-1930

• student of William James

• became president of the American Psychological Association 1905

• completed her doctoral studies but Harvard refused to award her a Ph.D. because

Margaret Floy Washburn

• 1871-1939

• student of Edward Titchener

• first female to earn Ph.D. in psychology

• published The Animal Mind

Behaviorism

• the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

• most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

John B. Watson

• 1878-1958

• founder of behaviorism

B.F. Skinner

• 1904-1990

• expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement and punishment -- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses

• helped establish and popularize the operant conditioning model of learning

• intellectual influence lasted for decades

• radical behaviorist who experimented with rats

Sigmund Freud

• 1856-1939

• Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation

• founder of psychoanalysis

Humanistic Psychology

• historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

Cognitive Neuroscience

• the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception

Psychology

• the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Nature vs. Nurture

• the long-standing discussion over the relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes

• today's scientists see trails and behaviors arising form the interaction of nature and nurture

Evolutionary Psychology

• the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind

Biopsychosocial Approach

• an integrated approach that incorporates biological

Basic Research

• pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Applied Research

• scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Hindsight Bias

• the tendency to believe

Theory

• an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Hypothesis

• a testable prediction

Operational Definition

• a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

Replication

• repeating the essence of a research study

Case Study

• a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Naturalistic Observation

• a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Survey

• a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group

Sampling Bias

• a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Random Sample

• a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Scatterplot

• a graphed cluster of dots

Regression Towards the Mean

• the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average

Experimental group

• in an experiment

Control Group

• - in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable
  - contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Random Assignment

• assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance

Double-Blind Procedure

• an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

• commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

Placebo Effect

• experimental results caused by expectations alone

• any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition

Independent Variable

• in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated
  - the variable whose effect is being studied

Dependent Variable

• in an experiment

Validity

• the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Informed Consent

• giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Standard Deviation

• a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean

Industrial Psychology

• deals with the working environment

Educational Psychology

• best ways to teach and learn in a classroom

Hierarchy of Needs

• Maslow's pyramid of human needs

Self-actualization

• according to Maslow

Carl Rogers

• 1902-1987

• Field: humanistic

• Contributions: founded person-centered therapy

Overconfidence

• the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Tendency to Perceive Patterns in Random Events

• apophenia

• people perceive patterns to make sense of their world

• even in random

informed consent

protect participants from harm and discomfort

Correlational Study

• a research project designed to discover the degree to which two variables are related to each other

Random Selection vs Random Assignment

• random selection refers to how sample members (study participants) are selected from the population for inclusion in the study

• random assignment is an aspect of experimental design in which study participants are assigned to the treatment or control group using a random procedure

Dorothea Dix

• reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill