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Intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100, with scores assigned to relative performance above or below average.
Mental Age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet’s original intelligence test.
General Intelligence (g)
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
Savant Syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
Aptitude Test
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.
Achievement Test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned.
Standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
Normal Curve
the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also content validity and predictive validity.)
Construct Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.
Predictive Validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict;
It is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.)
Stereotype Threat
The fear that one's behavior will confirm an existing stereotype of a group with which one identifies. This fear can actually lead to decreased performance.
Flynn Effect
The Flynn Effect refers to the observed phenomenon where average intelligence scores on IQ tests have been steadily increasing over time. This increase cannot be attributed solely to genetic factors and challenges psychometric theories that emphasize a significant genetic basis for measured IQ.
Growth Mindset
A growth mindset refers to the belief that one's abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort, learning, and perseverance. It is the understanding that failure and challenges are opportunities for growth rather than fixed limitations.
Fixed Mindset
A fixed mindset is the belief that one's abilities, intelligence, and talents are static traits that cannot be developed or improved. This perspective leads individuals to avoid challenges, give up easily, and see effort as fruitless, as they believe their qualities are predetermined and unchangeable. This mindset can significantly influence learning, motivation, and overall achievement.
fluid intelligence
Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge or past experience. It involves skills such as abstract reasoning, problem-solving, and pattern recognition.
crystalized intelligence
Crystallized intelligence is the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and information that a person has acquired throughout their life. It includes language skills, vocabulary, and general knowledge.
Spearman’s General Intelligence (G Factor)
The idea that there is a broad mental capacity that can be quantified on an intelligence test
Savant Syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
Down Syndrome
Extra copy of 21st chromosome that can lead to some cognitive impairments
Achievement Tests
tests designed to assess what a person has learned. EX: AP Exams. SOLs.
Aptitude Tests
tests designed to predict a person’s future performance.
Flynn Effect
the more a test is given, the better people score on the test.
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
Test-Retest
Can the same test takers achieve similar results?
Split Half
Measures consistency by breaking the test in half and comparing.
Validity
The extent to which a test does what it’s supposed to do.
Content Validity
the extent to which a test assesses the material it is covering.
Construct Validity
The extent to which a test assesses an abstract trait.
Predictive Validity
the extent to which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
IQ
Intelligence Quotient
Stanford-Binet
The most common American IQ Test administered
Standardization
Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Normal Curve (Bell Curve)
Evenly distributed set of data in graph form
Intellectual disability
IQ score below 70 is considered mental retardation
Analytic Intelligence
Problem solving
Creative Intelligence
Creation/imagination
Practical Intelligence
Real World application/prioritization
Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities
Intelligence is broken down into 7 Factors: Verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, perceptual speed, memory, and inductive reasoning
Emotional Intelligence
Our ability to:Perceive emotions,Understand emotions,Manage emotions,Use emotions for adaptive or creative thinking
Fluid Intelligence
the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge
who invented Fluid VS. Crystalized Intelligence
Proposed by Raymond Cattell
Crystalized Intelligence
the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience (wisdom).
Fixed Mindset
belief that intelligence and abilities are innate and cannot be significantly changed.
Growth Mindset
belief that these qualities can be developed through effort and learning
Culture-Fair Tests
The goal of testing that is free of cultural bias
Stereotype Threat
the sense that you will be judged on the negative stereotype of your group rather than your own abilities
Stereotype Lift
a boost in performance if one thinks they will do better than other groups.
