A&P Test 4 - Heart, Blood Vessels, Lymphatic & Immune System

What is the thickest layer of tissue in the heart wall?

Myocardium

Which heart cavity has the thickest wall?

Left ventricle

What structure is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart?

Sinoatrial (SA) node

The structural components of the circulatory system include _____ (3 things, 3 subcategories)

Heart, blood, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

In fetal circulation, what do the ductus arteriosus & the foramen ovals bypass?

The lungs

What happens to the umbilical vessels remaining in the infant's body after birth?

Becomes fibrous cords that remain throughout the lifespan

What influences the normal boundaries of the heart?

Anatomical structures, age, body size & composition, physical fitness & exercise, & pathological conditions

What is the word we use to describe diminished blood flow to organ tissue that impairs cell function?

Ischemia

If damaged, which valve could allow blood to leak back into the left ventricle?

Aortic semilunar valve

Which of the following is NOT part of the conduction system of the heart?

a) sinoatrial (SA) node

b) atrioventricular (AV) node

c) atrioventricular (AV) bundles

d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The heart begins to beat during the ________ period of prenatal development

5-6 weeks of pregnancy - embryonic stage

Where is the heart located in the body?

Within the thoracic cavity in the middle mediastinum

Identify where the external iliac artery is. Once it enters the thigh, its name changes to the _________ artery.

Femoral artery

Name the vein that returns blood from the head

Jugular vein

Blood from the stomach & intestines goes to the liver through the _______ vein

Hepatic portal vein

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the deposition of lipids in the _______.

Inner lining/walls of the arteries

What is the name we give to the stretching of the artery walls?

Aneurysm

Diminished blood flow to organ tissue that can impair cell function is called _________.

Ischemia

Where are the lymph capillaries known as lacteals?

Small intestine (within the intestinal villi)

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

Lymphatics vessels

Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus Gland, Tonsils, Bone marrow

If lymphatic return is blocked, what would we expect to happen?

Lymphedema & swollen lymph nodes

List the 3 lympho-kinetic factors

1. Arterial pulsations

2. Postural changes

3. Passive compression of the body's soft tissues

What are the functions of the lymph nodes?

1. Filter out harmful substances & waste products

2. Contain immune cells (lymphocytes) that destroy cancer cells & bacteria

A type of blood cell produced by lymph nodes is called ______.

lymphocyte

Where is the thymus located?

mediastinum

Where is the spleen located?

left upper quadrant (hypochondriac region) of the abdomen

What is meant by the term "adenitis"?

inflammation or swelling of a gland

What would you predict would occur if a disease blocked the flow of lymph?

lymphedema (build-up of fluid)

How would muscle contraction affect lympho-kinetic action?

Increased external pressure from muscle contraction increases lymphatic pressure

Results in keeping lymph moving in only one direction

Why is having an understanding of the lymphatic drainage of the breast important in formulating the diagnosis & treatment of breast cancer?

A single cell of a primary cancerous tumour can spread to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system & cause metastasis

What is the body's first line of defence?

skin & mucous membranes

The most numerous type of phagocyte is ______.

neutrophil

Define phagocytosis / what line of defence it is in adaptive immunity

2nd line of defence

Role: ingestion & destruction of micro-organisms or other small particles

Is phagocytosis part of the body's 3rd line of defence?

No, 2nd

Specific immunity is controlled by 2 classes of lymphocytes called ______.

B cells & T cells

The type of immunity produced by a vaccination is _______.

Artificially acquired (active) immunity

Interferon inhibits the spread of ________.

A) viruses

B) bacteria

C) cancer

D) yeast

viruses

What are the 4 characteristics of inflammation

heat, redness, swelling (edema), pain

The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal cells but spare our own normal cells is called ______.

self-tolerance (immune tolerance)

Which substance produced by the skin contains pathogen inhibiting agents?

sebum

Which is the best explanation of how a WBC ingests & destroys a micro-organism?

They engulf the micro-organisms & then lysosomal enzymes destroy it

Which is the best explanation of how immune suppression can be helpful in preventing transplant rejection?

Reduction of immune response, decreased inflammation, prevention of antibody-mediated rejection, maintenance of LT graft function

2-year-old Jenny is undergoing treatment for leukemia & was exposed to chicken pox. Her doctor decided to give her a dose of interferon. What was the doctor hoping for with this approach?

It would possibly inhibit the chickenpox virus from developing

Steven had mumps as a child. Why did he not experience symptoms again at the age of 41 after re-exposure to the virus?

He developed active immunity

Which substance in our body can destroy pathogens by lowering pH to a level which they cannot live?

hydrochloric acid

What is the other name for adaptive immunity?

acquired or specific immunity