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audition
sense or act of hearing
frequency
number of complete wavelengths that pass a point during given time (ex. per second)
pitch
a tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
middle ear
chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (ossicles - hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on cochlea’s oval window
cochlea
coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
inner ear
innermost part of ear containing cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to cochlea’s receptor cells or auditory nerves; nerve deafness
conduction hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea
cochlear implant
device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea
place theory
theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
frequency theory
theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches the freq of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
gate-control theory
theory that spinal chord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks or allows pain signals and allows them to pass on to brain; gate “opened” by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and “closed” by activity in larger fibers or info from brain
kinesthesia
system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts
vestibular sense
sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance
sensory interaction
principle that one sense may influence another; as when the smell of food influences its taste
embodied cognition
influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
hair cells
line basilar membrane; movement causes impulses in adjacent nerve cells
auditory nerve
hair cell axons converge to form auditory nerve; sends neural messages (via thalamus) to auditory cortex in brain’s temporal lobe
nociceptors
sensory receptors that detect hurtful temps, pressures, and chemicals in body
phantom limb sensations
brain misinterprets spontaneous central nervous system activity that occurs in absence of normal sensory input
anosmia
loss of sense of smell
olfaction
resulting experiences of a smell
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