APUSH Unit 4: Period 4: 1800-1848

-market revolution, interconnected national economy -emergence of political parties -second great awakening >> camp meetings, transcendentalism, Thoreau, reverend Charles Finney, individualism = in response to growing consumer/market rev -changing in social structures >> cult of domesticity, women's rights, abolitionism -slaves finding different ways to resist (violent & nonviolent) -utopian society >> communitarianism, Oneida, Mormons, shakers -jacksonian era >> war on bank, native Americans, nullification crisis -war of 1812, fall of the federalists -jeffersonian era >> Louisiana purchase, John Quincy Adams admin, Madison admin -marbury v madison >> judicial review -quincy's corrupt bargain -whigs v democrats -westward expansion & the manifest destiny (monroe doctrine) -mexican-american war (polk's call for war)

Marbury v Madison (1803)

Before leaving office, John Adams appointed “midnight judges” (Marbury being one of them) to which Madison refused to issue their commissions » Marbury sued him

→Marshall ruled that Judiciary Act of 1801 = unconstitutional after ruling that Marbury had right to commission w/o evidence

established process of judicial review, which is the Supreme Court’s right to determine whether an act of Congress violated the Constitution

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson bought Louisiana territory from Napoleon for $15mil

• wanted to minimize French power so don’t interfere with trade

• US doubled in size, claiming that large size made self-government possible: “extending the sphere”

Embargo Act of 1807

ban on all American vessels sailing for foreign ports; 80% of US exports plummeted

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

only banned trade with British and France, but resumed trade with other nations; stated that will continue to ban trade with them if kept violating American shipping rights

Macon’s Bill No.2

reopened trade with France & England, but impressment did not stop

Lewis & Clark Expedition

explorers sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory (Missouri River » St. Louis) &had Shoshone guide named Sacajawea who helped them navigate the unknown territory

• good results & people came migrating westward to open up settlements

Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa

Shawnee brothers who sought to complete the separation from whites, rival of native culture, and resistance to federal policies

• stimulated by Louisiana Purchase & policies of promoting large-scale farming (Washington policy)

• Neolin ideas (1760s)

Hartford Convention of 1814

meeting of New England Federalists who met to protest the War of 1812; proposed 7 constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes, changing requirements for office-holding, declaration of war & admission of New states]

• Federalists regarded as “traitors” » party disbanded

Erie Canal

363mi canal across upstate NY that was completed in 1825, allowing goods to flow between the Great Lakes and NYC

• attracted large influx of New England farmers » led to cities developing along canal path

• typified developing transportation infrastructure → states try to match it

• 1837 » network of canals built, linking Atlantic states with Ohio & Mississippi, REDUCING transportation COSTS

Democracy in America (1835)

written by French historian and politician Alexis de Tocqueville about America’s “holy cult of freedom,” which illustrated that US inhabitants were religious, enlightened, and free people

Market Revolution

period of accelerated developments regarding US economy (focusing on industry & consumerism), slave trading, commercial agriculture, cities, transportation, communication systems, tech, changes in labor, immigration, and corporate law

Turnpikes

toll roads that were the first advancement in overland transportation locally, by state, and private companies

» National Road (Maryland →Old Northwest) → people more linked & transportation easier

Telegraph

device invented in 1830s by Samuel F.B. Morse that used Morse Code—messages that could be sent over electric wires—to communicate!

• helped speed the flow of communication & stabilized prices throughout the country

• instantaneous communication possible!

Steamboat

introduced by Robert Fulton, the invention used a steam engine that allowed the boat to travel upstream for commerce on the country’s major rivers

• improved water transportation » increase efficiency & decreased cost of commerce!**

the Clermont

Robert Fulton’s ship (1807) /steamboat that navigated the Hudson River from NYC to Albany, exhibiting the steamboat’s usefulness in commerce and in technological advancements

railroads

opened new areas of American interior (west) to settlement & stimulated the coal mining industry for fuel and manufacturing industry for iron to use to build locomotives & rails

squatters

western migrants who settled on lands that were unoccupied but did not own (westward expansion / settlement of the west)

“Rise of the West”

period of increased migration/settlement to the west stimulated by advancements in transportation technology and communications (railroads, telegrams) since it made the west more accessible

• people typically migrated in groups rather than lone pioneers

• led to increased conflicts with the Native Americans

Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

treaty between US & Spain in which Spain gave Florida to the US & the US recognized Spain’s sovereignty over Texas; clarified territory & expansion in US

Cotton gin

invented by Eli Whitney; device that made cotton harvesting easier by quickly separating the seed from the cotton—a tedious job to do by hand » revolutionized slavery

• demand of cotton increased w/ growing textile industry

Cotton Kingdom

economy of the Deep South that centered around cotton production thanks to the market revolution, cotton gin, and growing textile industry

• expansion of slavery, expulsion of native americans

• planter monopolize the best land, leaving farmers with the litter

• since trans-atlantic slave trade BANNED → national slave trade!

slave coffles

groups of slaves chained to one another on forced marches to the Deep South

John Deere Steel Plow (1837)

steel-tipped plow that ensured that raising wheat would remain the main economic activity in Midwestern prairies

• Agricultural machinery expanded agricultural production, especially in the WEST

Cyrus McCormick Reaper (1831)

horse-drawn machine that greatly increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest; increased American output of wheat x3

“porkopolis”

Nickname for Cincinnati after the slaughterhouses where hundreds of pugs were butchered and processed to consumers of meat

Samuel Slater

English immigrant who established the first factory in the US in Rhode Island and built the spinning Jenny

Spinning Jenny

brought over from England by Samuel Slater; increasing the efficiency of yarn production

Factory system

system in which factories gathered large groups of workers under central supervision & subdivided their tasks, replacing hand tools with power-driven machinery

• reflected Samuel Slater’s “outlook system” in which rural men & women made money by taking factory jobs

“American system of manufactures”

relied on mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products

Eli Terry

led developments in clock manufacturing

Lowell Girls

young, unmarried women from NY farm families who dominated the workforce that tended to spinning machines; manned the New England (Massachusetts) textile Mills

• had some opportunities for economic independence & autonomy

• the Lowell Offering

Nativism

belief that immigrants were negatively impacting American society, blaming them for urban crime, political corruption, and fondness for alcohol, job competition

»result of increasing influx of immigrants from Germany & Ireland (due to political turmoil there: Irish Potatoes Famine, reunification of germany)

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

case in which Marshall’s court struck down a monopoly that the NY legislature had granted for steamboat navigation, which established the precedent that Congress (NOT STATES) had power to regulate interstate commerce

• no laissez-faire

Charles River Case (1837)

under Roger B. Taney, court rules that Massachusetts legislature did not infringe charter of existing company that had constructed a bridge over the Charles River when it empowered a 2nd company to build a competing bridge

Commonwealth v Hunt (1842)

ruled that there was nothing illegal in workers joining to form labor unions or striking

Reverend Charles Finney

a leader of the Second Great Awakening who spread new religiously intertwined ideas of self-improvement and morality through camp meetings, preaching with vivid language (similar to first) that promised salvation to those who abandoned sinful ways

Manifest Destiny

philosophy that the US had a divine right/mission to occupy all of North America

• Mexicans, natives, Spain, GB = all obstacles of liberty

Transcendentalists

group of New England intellectuals who insisted on the primacy of individual judgment over existing social traditions & institutions

Ralph Waldo Emerson

led transcendentalist movement who wrote about the change in character due to the market revolution, claiming that freedom (should) be an open-minded process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves

Individualism

led to members of community breaking ties with it to leave society at large ; “privacy”

Henry David Thoreau

called for individual self-reliance & spent his days in the woods to enjoy the freedom of isolation from “economical & moral tyranny”

Published Walden (1854) that critiqued the market revolution

camp meetings

where fiery revivalist preachers like Charles FInney, rejected the idea that man is a sinful creature with a preordained fate, promoting the doctrine of human free will!

“Self-made man”

idea that those who achieved success in America did not as a result of (being a nepo-baby) hereditary privilege or gov favoritism, but through own intelligence and hark work

• social mobility

• John Jacob Astor = was son of poor German butcher, b ut became richest man in 1848 US

Cult of Domesticity

definition of femininity that glorified woman’s contribution to family’s economic well-being; woman’s place was at HOME in which their role was to sustain value like love, friendship, mutual obligation, and providing men with a shelter from workplace

• men working outside of house, so women stay in house

• The Frugal Housewife by Lydia Marie Child

Utopian communities

communitarian societies trying to create the “perfect” society; modeled after Thomas Moore’s 1700s Utopia

• reflect absence of strong national gov & conflicts regarding the market revolution

Polygamy

Mormon practice that allows one man to have many wives

Secular communitarian

person who plans or lives in a cooperate community; no private property, everything belongs to everyone (#sharingiscaring)

“Perfectionism”

saw both individuals & society at large as capable of indefinite improvement; popularized by religious revivals

Self-Discipline

definition of free individual was person who internalized practice of SELF-CONTROL

Temperance Movement

reform movement inspired by religious revivals & transcendentalism, advocating for abstinence against drinking alcohol

Horace Mann

leading educational reformer of era, calling for the creation of the common school (tax supported state schools/public school) in order to build more moral citizens

American Colonization Society

calls for abolition with the :colonization” of freedom slaves (deportation) to Africa

American Anti-Slavery Society

example of militant abolition; immediate abolition

An Appeal to the Colored people of the World (1829)

written by David Walker, free North Carolina black, which offered a new spirit of abolitionism

The Liberator

newspaper developed by William Lloyd Garrison that argued that blacks should be accepted into society

Slavery As It Is

by Theodore Weld that claimed that slavery was a sin, used moral approach

“moral-suasion”

using ethics to appeal to masses

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

by Harriet Beecher Stowe that portrayed slaves as sympathetic men and women and as Christians at the mercy of slaveholders who split up families and sent bloodhounds on innocent mothers & children; powerful human appeal

“Am I Not a Man and a Brother?”

abolitionist emblem of portrait of slave in chains coupled with the motto

“Gentlemen of property and standing”

merchants with close commercial ties to the South » disrupted abolitionist meetings

Gag rule

series of rules that forbade raising, considering, or discussing slavery in US House of Representatives

Dorthea Dix

Massachussetts teacher that was leading advocate of more humane treatment of the mentally ill who were being placed in jails at the time

• established of mental hospitals in 28 states

Woman suffrage

Woman’s right to vote

Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845)

written by Margaret Fuller that sought to apply women to transcendentalist ideas that freedom meant quest for personal development

Liberty Party

minor political party that advocated abolition