Intro to Nursing Exam 1

New Orleans Schools in LSUHSC (6)

Nursing (SON), Medicine, Allied Health, Dentistry, Public Heath, and Graduate Studies (DAMNGP)

Who is the interim chancellor?

Dr. Steve Nelson

Who is the dean of the School of Nursing?

Dr. Demetrius Porsche

The SON is approved by what institution anually?

Louisiana State Board of Nursing (LSBN)

LSUHSC Institutional accreditation comes from

Commission of Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS)

SON accreditation comes from what two programs?

Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) and Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs (COA)

Why do we need to be approved by the state board of nursing?

In order to take the NCLEX

Why do we need to be accredited?

So that institutions recognize our program for degree purposes, grant purposes, scholarships, graduate school acceptance, etc.

What is the number one reason nurses lose their licenses?

Drugs and alcohol

What is the Louisiana State Board of Nursing (LSBN)?

A member of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing that acts on matters of common interest and concern affecting the public health, safety, and welfare. Develops the NCLEX-RN and NCLEX-PN. Mission is to protect Louisiana citizens by ensuring nurses are competent and safe.

What are the requirements for eligibility to take the NCLEX-RN in Louisiana?

Good moral character, completion of an approved nursing education program, recommendation by the director of the school of nursing, application form and criminal records check, fee, freedom from violations of Nurse Practice Act and Rules and Regulations

What is the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)?

The national voice for America’s baccalaureate and higher-degree nursing education programs. Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) is the accrediting agency that ensures the quality and integrity of these programs.

National League for Nursing (NLN)

Promotes excellence in nursing education to build a strong and diverse nursing workforce. LSUHNO SON is a member school and is recognized as a Center of Excellence. Accrediting arm is the ACEN (Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing)

Philosophies of nursing

Statements of beliefs about nursing, dynamic and changes over time, developed through education and practice, basis for providing care

Nursing is a __________, not a ___________

profession, occupation

What are the nine core values of the SON?

Stewardship, organizational citizenship, nursing innovation, caring, professionalism, respect, integrity, diversity, and excellence (SON-C-PRIDE)

Stewardship

Advocating and protecting resources trusted in our care through service, dedication, and enthusiasm

Organizational Citizenship

The responsibility of all faculty, staff, and students to be a contributing member of our unified educational community committed to a culture of connection and engagement

Nursing Innovation

The conversion of knowledge and ideas into meaningful work through creativity, entrepreneurship, and pushing beyond the boundaries of status quo

Caring

Encompasses the interest, concern, compassion, and mentoring we demonstrate for our students, our patients, our communities, and each other

Professionalism

The consistent demonstration of strict adherence to accountability, responsibility, dependability, and commitment

Respect

Acknowledging the value of ourselves and others by treating them with dignity, courtesy, and consideration

Integrity

Acting with honesty, fairness, and sincerity in all endeavors with an ethical and professional manner

Diversity

Fostering the potential of every individual through sensitivity, social justice and cultural competence

Excellence

Supporting the highest quality in an environment of collaboration, shared knowledge, innovation, scholarship, leadership, and competence

Nursing process components

Assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation

The Standards of Professional Performance include:

Ethics, culturally congruent practice, communication, collaboration, leadership, education, evidence-based practice and research, quality of practice, professional practice evaluation, resource utilization, and environmental health

Nursing can be described as both…

an art and a science

Key responsibilities as a nurse

Perform physical exams and health histories before making critical decisions, provide health promotion, counseling, and education, administer medications, coordinate care and collaborate with health care professionals

What comprises the largest segment of the healthcare workforce in the U.S.?

Nursing

What percent of BSN students are males?

12.9%

How much of the nursing workforce is over the age of 50, causing worry for future generations?

1/3

Racial and ethnic minorities make up 40% of the population of the United States today, but only ___ of the RN population

19%, being a major under representation

Passing what exam makes you an RN?

New Generation National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NGNCLEX)

What are the four mechanisms to get basic nursing education?

4 year education (BSN), 2 year accelerated program (prior bachelor degree, BSN), 2 year education (ADN), 3 year education (diploma in nursing)

Diploma programs have steadily declined, educating only __ of all new RNS

4%

AACN

American Association of Colleges of Nursing

NLN

National League of Nurses

ANA

American Nurses Association

NSSRN

National Sample Survey of Registered Nursing

NCSBN and FSNWC

National Council of State Board of Nursing and Forum of State Nursing Workforce Centers

What is the most common setting for a nurse to work in?

Hospital

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Nursing care that is based on the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preference

Clinical Ladder

A multiple-step program that begins with entry-level staff nurse positions. As experience is gained, the nurse becomes eligible to move up the clinical ladder.

Why do we study history?

To learn from mistakes and gain a sense of identity and pride

How is knowledge of nursing’s past beneficial to the profession?

A framework for understanding how nursing is practiced today, understand nursing’s past roots, benefit from “recycled” solutions

Reformation

Led to dark days in nursing and minimal care for the poor and sick. Nurses were not respected. Men disappeared from nursing roles at this time.

Daughters of Charity

An organization to assist the poor and sick, continues to thrive to this day

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

A pioneer that started the rise of nursing to professional status. Founded the first training school for nurses at St. Thomas’ hospital in London in 1860, became the model for nursing education in the United States.

What is Florence Nightingale’s most famous publication?

The 1859 Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not

What did Nightingale do during the Crimean War (1853-1856)?

Took 38 nurses to the British hospital in Scutari, Turkey

When Nightingale arrived during the Crimean War, the mortality rate was ___. When she left, it was just over __.

60%, 1%

Mary Seacole (1805-1881)

Woman of color, request to be part of Nightingale’s team was refused. She established a hotel for soldiers and provided care for injured soldiers in the Crimea War. Funded her own travel and faced discrimination. Performed an autopsy on a child that shape her understanding of the effects of cholera.

What was Seacole’s autobiography called?

Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole

Who was forgotten in history until 2005 until she was brought to light and honored, even being voted the “Greatest Black Briton” in 2005. People also organized a fundraiser in her honor.

Mary Seacole

Dorothea Dix

Superintendent of Women Nurses of the Union, a month long training program for women who wished to serve, where African American women could also train

Clara Barton

tended to Union soldiers and was called the Angel of the Battlefield. Later went on to found the American Red Cross.

Superintendent Sally Tompkins

The only woman in the Confederacy to hold military rank

New England Hospital

First training school for nurses in the U.S.

Linda Richards

First trained nurse in the U.S. (1873), studied under Florence Nightingale

Early training schools for nurses in the U.S.

Modeled after Nightingale’s school, had to be female to train, few admitted African Americans

Mary Mahoney (1845-1962)

First trained African American nurse in the U.S. (from New England Hospital for Women in 1879), co-founded National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, member of ANA

Mary Adelaide Nutting (1858-1956)

Expanded the program Johns Hopkins University from 2 to 3 years, later became the first woman to hold professorship at Columbia, helped establish the American Journal of Nursing in 1900

What professional nursing organizations were developed in the 1800s?

NLN, ANA, and ICN

Clara Maass

Volunteered to be bitten by carrier mosquitoes to help prove the theory on how yellow fever was spread in Cuba

Lillian Wald (1867-1940)

Founded the Henry Street Settlement in NYC in 1893 due to infectious diseases becoming a problem in overcrowded living conditions of the inner city

• Healthcare education and disease prevention to immigrant communities

• Nurses were formally trained

• Colleague of Lavinia Dock, a social activist and reformer

Founded the National Organization for Public Health, founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NACCP)

Jessie Sleet Scales and Elizabeth Tyler

Established the Stillman House, a branch of the Henry Street Settlement, serving black persons in a small store.

What did Henry Street Settlement signify?

Activism, expansion, and growth

Mary Breckinridge

Founder of Frontier Nursing Service in 1925 (the first midwifery program in the U.S.) that delivered babies, provided prenatal and postnatal care, educated families on nutrition, hygiene, and care of the sick.

Flu epidemic of 1917

Infected one third of the world’s population, increased public awareness for the need of nursing

What was a significant bill passed by Congress in 1920?

The ability for nurses to have military rank

WW1 established…

the Army School of Nursing

Nursing was the first profession to use the same _____________ nation-wide

licensing exam

Permissive licensure

By 1923, all states had exams for permissive licensure. Nurses did not have to be licensed to practice but could not use the title registered nurse unless registered

In 1947, New York instated

mandatory licensure

The Great Depression effect on nurses

Families could no longer afford nursing, nurses were unemployed, hospitals closed which closed their schools, nurses went to work for the hospitals for minimum wage

1935 Social Security Act

A significant part of FDR’s plans to bring the nation out of the Depression, created public health and hospital jobs, national system for old-age insurance, plan to strengthen public health services

WW2 (1939-1945)

Military did not have enough nurses, military and collegiate programs formed the Cadet Nurse Corps, 54 army nurses were Japanese prisoners of ware, 201 army nurses died

1946 Hill Burton Act

Funds to construct new hospitals, shortage of nurses led to Team Nursing and Associate Degree in Nursing

1947 marks what important date?

The ending of segregation of African American nurses in the military

1954 marks what important date?

Men allowed to enter military nursing corps

When was the Journal of Nursing Research first published?

1952, post WW2

Vietnam War (1959-1975)

Improved trauma care, mobile hospitals were set up, PTSD became at large

The Vietnam Women’s Memorial statue was dedicated in what year, and what did it feature?

1993, featured two nurses—one white, one black—tending to an injured soldier. Highlighted the crucial role of nurses in the Vietnam War

1965 Amendments to the Social Security Act

Hospitals were providing majority of care, became preferred place of employment for nurses. Establish Medicare and Medicaid which quickly became the largest public assistance program.

1960s introduced new nursing roles such as

Specialty care and clinical specialization, nurse practitioner roles, public demand for improved access to health care, technological advances, ICUs and CCUs

What state became the first to recognize diagnosis and treatment as part of the legal scope of practice for NPs?

Idaho (1971)

Feminism and the Women’s movement helped or hurt nursing?

Trick question, both. Women had more career choices but there were an increased number of students educated in colleges

Challenges for nursing

HIV/AIDS began to rapidly spread which changed everything about healthcare

Life support was becoming more prominent, highlighting the need for advanced directives

The development of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy reduced the incidence of mother-to-child transmission from ___ to ___

30% to 3%

Post 9/11 attacks caused what in hospitals

Disaster drills to become a routine to ensure all staff can respond effectively

Hurricane Katrina in 2005 caused nursing to

increase preparedness for human catastrophes and natural disasters

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

the ANA supported the bill, signed in March 2010, prevented insurance companies from denying coverage to children and teens younger than 19 because of preexisting conditions

COVID-19 caused…

5,000,000 deaths, changed the world, exposed huge health disparity and standards of care and access to health care, caused health care providers extreme stress, large numbers of nurses burnout and left the workforce

Diploma Nursing Programs

1800 to early 1900s, provided formal education and jobs to women, modified apprenticeship model, demanding schedule, 3 year program, most college and universities did not recognize diploma programs

What was the dramatic decline of diploma programs caused by and when did it happen?

Mid 1960s, growth of ADN and BSN programs, move to mainstream of higher education, inability of hospitals to continue financing nursing education, accreditation standards made it difficult for programs to have qualified faculty, increasing complexity of health care has required nurses to have greater academic preparation

Associate Degree Programs

Developed in 1952, based on a model developed by Mildred Montag

Why are associate degree programs popular?

Accessibility of community colleges, low tuition costs, part-time job opportunities, shorter program duration

Nurses need at least a ___________ degree in nursing to qualify as a recognized professional and to provide leadership in administration, teaching, and public health

Bachelor’s

Mary Adelaide Nutting came to Teachers College in 1907 as the first nursing professor in history and became a _______ in nursing education

pioneer