one health pqs | Quizlet

describe the consequence of mercury release to the environment, what was the most famous catastrophe related to the release of mercury?

• severe ecological and health consequences d

  → high toxicity and ability to bioaccumulate in food chains

• released mercury transforms to methylmercury

  • a highly toxic form that accumulates in fish and shellfish => affecting those who consume them.

• health effects: neurological, cardiovascular, development impairment

• famous catastrophe: Minamata disease incident in Japan 1950s and 60s

industrial waste from a chemical factory which contained high levels of methylmercury was discharged into Minamata Bay leading to widespread mercury poisoning

discuss the essential elements on which the one health concept relating to toxoplasma gondii invasion control is based.

*toxoplasmosis is a protozoan parasitic zoonoses disease, that occurs worldwide and causes infection in animals such as sheep.

• the infected animal has cysts in their muscles which can infect humans when they ingest meat.

• anti-toxoplasma vaccine is available which is a live vaccine available for sheep to prevent early embryonic death which causes infertility and abortion in sheep

• single vaccination - protects at least two consecutive reproductive seasons (years)

• one health vaccine is the ideal strategy on the control of infection

• DGNP/TE (nan particle) vaccine administered intranasally resulted in high level of protection against latent toxoplasmosis and its transplant transmission in sheep

list the factors occurring at the primary production stage contributing to the emergence of campylobacter spp. infection

describe the strict biosecurity measures that can be applied at this stage of production and their significance in the one health concept

primary production stage is the farm (poultry house)

• poultry = main reservoir for this bacteria

• found in the intestines following rapid intestine colonization..

* reduction of campylobacter can be achieved through strict biosecurity measure.

*farm contamination always comes form the outside:

• Campylobacter-free:

  • poultry house environment

  • day-old chicks should be

  • sources: other animals, humans, water, manure

  • colonization starts after the first 2-3 weeks of life

• very rapid onset once introduced up to 100% in a few days

* strategies of control include:

• hygiene barriers: one barrier or two barrier system for entering poultry house.

• traffic organization should be limited to minimum

• insect protection: fly nets on windows

• bird catchers: limit movement of in and out

• clean and disinfection time

• water: UV disinfection, acidification

• immunity: vaccination, autovaccines

explain the term multidrug resistance and describe its significance in the one health concept. what are alert pathogens?

multi drug resistance: are bacterial strains that are resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes e.g. methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRSA, MRSP)

the over use of antibiotics in animals lead to increase in population of anti-microbial resistant bacteria.

high prevalence of MDR bacteria in companion animals.

hospitals reserve as a reservoir for multi drug resistance

Alert pathogens are MDR bacteria that have acquired many resistance genes that are dangerous

- in most cases they are unresponsive to treatment and in many cases there is no available effective anti-microbial agent

what is internal biosecurity? list elements and significance in relation to the one health concept

internal biosecurity refers to all of the things we do to keep pathogens from spreading from infected animals to healthy animals within the same population, usually older to younger.

3 main elements is:

* treatment - welfare, correct diagnosis, antibacterial therapy

* contaminants - restrict it from spreading

* elimination - steps taken towards elimination

first think about safety of all the people working there as well as animals that are affected and in contact with contaminated animals

try to eradicate and cure them to avoid risking a pandemic and epidemic bacterial disease within humans and animals

methods:

access control - hygiene practices - waste management - cleaning and disinfection - separation and segregation - disease surveillance and reporting - training and education

how does biodiversity and its loss impact the emergence and spread of zoonoses?

biodiversity: describe the large variety of life on earth or more specifically refers to all the species in one region or ecosystem

zoonotic diseases are caused by infections shared by humans and animals.

- how the interact and depend on each other.

• the loss of biodiversity = emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases in several ways:

1. disrupted ecosystems: bio loss disrupts ecosystems by altering delicate balance between species = increase the population of a certain species including potential disease reservoirs or vectors while reducing the population of others.

2. habitat degradation and fragmentation: human activities like deforestation and agricultural expansion can destroy natural habitats. forcing wildlife to migrate closer to human settlements and livestock, increasing likelihood of disease.

3. encroachment into wildlife habitats: closer contact with wildlife and their pathogens through activities like hunting.

4. climate change: affects ecosystems influencing disease patterns and expands geographical range of certain disease vectors

indicate what tools (methods) can be used in the fight against parasitic disease in the context of one health strategy

1. disease surveillance and early detection:

• establishing robust surveillance systems to monitor and detect parasitic diseases in human and animal population

• tracking disease trends, identifying high risks areas and implementing early warning signs.

2. vector control:

• many parasitic diseases are transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. control measure can help reduce transmission, like insecticide-treated nets, residual sprays and veterinary parasiticides

3. improved sanitation and hygiene:

• promoting access to clean water, sanitization facilities and good hygiene practices. proper waste management.

4. vaccination and treatment:

• vaccines play a crucial role in preventing certain parasitic diseases such as those caused by protozoan parasites e.g. one health approach to develop a vaccination programme to tackle toxoplasmosis.

5. education and awareness:

• among communities, health care professionals and vets

one health encourages collaboration and cooperation among various sectors, including human health, vet med, agriculture and environmental sciences

what are the main issues resulting from pesticide use and their significance in the one health concept.

issues:

1. environmental impact:

• harms non-target species, disrupting ecosystems. reduces soil fertility by killing beneficial organisms.

• pollutes water bodies

2. human health issues:

• acute poisoning with immediate and severe health effects, chronic health effects long term exposure linked with cancer, food residue pose risks.

3. animal health issues:

• wild-life poisoning affects birds mammals and ecosystems, live stock health affected by contaminated food and water.

significance in one health concept:

• interconnected health: impacting humans, animals and environment

• requires policies research and education to mitigate risks and promote safer alternatives

• ecent studies have shown the link between the application of pesticides and the rise of antibiotics resistance.

• DDT used in world war 2 accumulated in soils and in humans as a carcinogen depositing in fate tissue

what is a climate change leading to the emergence and spreading of zoonoses?

1. altered vector distribution:

• climate change affects the distribution and behavior of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks and fleas. rising temperature and changing patterns can expand the geographic range of these vectors, exposing new populations to zoonotic diseases they carry

2. extended transmission:

• prolongs transmission seasons for certain diseases. longer warm seasons provide favorable conditions for the survival and reproduction of vectors.

3. ecological shifts and habitat modification:

• effects vegetation, water availability and wildlife distribution which can force animals to migrate closer to human settlements and livestock

4.changes in host-pathogen dynamics:

• climate change can affect the physiology and behavior of both host animals and pathogens. it can influence the reproductive rates. migration patterns and immunity of host species altering there susceptibility to infections

what is the difference between the quarantine and the acclimatization of animals on a farm?

what is the significance of quarantine in relation to the one health concept

quarantine and acclimatization are two different processes involving animals on a farm.

quarantine:

• isolation of animals, usually newly arrived ones, to prevent the spread of diseases.

• it is a precautionary measure to ensure the health and well being of the existing livestock. during quarantine animals are kept separate from the rest of the herd or flock for a specified period.

• helps prevent the introduction of potential infections

acclimatization:

• is the process of gradually adapting animals to new environmental conditions.

• it occurs when animals are relocated to different climate or geographical areas.

• it involves exposing the animal to new environment gradually allowing them to adjust to change in temp, humidity, altitude or other factors.

• this helps minimize stress and allows the animals to adapt to their new surroundings.

in summary quarantine focuses on disease prevention and protection of existing livestock while acclimatization is about helping animals adapt to a new environment.

quarantine is crucial for maintaining overall health:

- disease prevention - early detection - biosecurity

list the risk factors occurring at the processing stage (cutting/meat processing plant) contributing to the emergence of campylobacter spp. infections.

describe the preventative measure that can be applied at this stage of production and their significance in the one health concept

risk stage 3: processing - finished product area.

main risk factors:

1. inadequate cooling of food

2. poor hand and surface washing

3. close contact of raw meats with other food products

4. cooking food to inappropriate temperatures

Preventive measures that can be applied at this stage of production include:

1. Strict sanitation protocols:

   • Implementing rigorous cleaning and sanitation procedures in the processing plant can help prevent the spread of Campylobacter bacteria.

2. Proper food safety training:

   • Training staff on appropriate food handling practices and the importance of hygiene can reduce the risk of contamination.

3. Monitoring water quality:

   • Regular testing of water sources used in processing for the presence of Campylobacter can help prevent contamination.

These preventive measures are significant in the One Health concept, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.

By implementing measures to reduce Campylobacter contamination at the processing stage, we not only protect consumers from foodborne illness but also reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance development.

what is the most important environmental and health problems caused by dioxins, furans and PBCs?

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAH

Dioxins, furans, and PCBs are toxic pollutants that cause significant environmental and health issues:

Environmental Impact:

1. Persistence leads to widespread contamination.

2. Bioaccumulation in wildlife, disrupting ecosystems.

Health Impact:

1. Carcinogenic, increasing cancer risk.

2. Developmental, reproductive, and immune system effects.

3. Neurotoxic effects on the nervous system and cognitive function.

Reducing their release through regulations and better waste management is crucial to protect human health and the environment.

what is co-selection and its significance in the one health concept?

what are the factors favoring the spread of co-selection

co-selection:

• occurs when the use of 1 agent e.g. antibiotic or heavy metal selects for resistance to multiple agents due to clustering of resistance genes on the same plasmid.

significance:

• AMR across different environments and species

• efforts to reduce resistance in one area e.g. human med can be undermined by practices in another e.g. agriculture

• effective AMR management requires coordinated efforts across sectors

factors favoring spread of co-selection

1. hospitals serve as reservoirs of multi-drug resistant micro-organisms and is associated with the wide use of antimicrobials and heavy metal salts in treatment

2. the presences of bacteria resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals is also noted in agricultural areas - antibiotics and heavy metals salts promoting plant and animal growth

what is metaphylactic and its role in the one health concept? how is it implemented in a herd?

application of antibiotic or combination of antibiotics in the period incubation of disease.

role in one health:

• disease control: helps manage infectious outbreaks in livestock

• AMR concerns: contributes to AMR impacting health

• balanced control: of disease and AMR risks

implementation in a herd:

• identification: monitor and assess disease signs and spread risks

• decision making: consult a vet and choose appropriate antibiotics

* administration: treat entire group follow guidelines

* monitoring: check for improvement

* prevention measures: implement hygiene and bio security and use vaccines and proper nutrition

-must be carefully managed to prevent AMR

one health concept and implementations into vet med science and practice

The One Health concept:

• recognizes the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health.

• emphasizes a collaborative, multi-disciplinary approach to achieve optimal health outcomes for people, animals, and the environment. In veterinary medicine, this concept is implemented through various practices and strategies.

1. Zoonotic Disease Control: Monitoring and vaccinating animals to prevent disease spread to humans.

2. Antimicrobial Stewardship: Using antibiotics responsibly and educating on alternatives to prevent resistance.

3. Food Safety: Ensuring livestock and food products are safe through inspections and best practices.

4. Environmental Health: Managing animal waste and promoting sustainable farming to protect natural resources.

5. Collaborative Efforts: Conducting interdisciplinary research and developing supportive policies.

6. Public Education: Raising awareness and engaging communities in health initiatives.

-These strategies enhance animal and public health while ensuring environmental sustainability.

multidrug resistance in bacteria and fungi pathogens and its significance

Multidrug resistance (MDR) occurs when bacteria and fungi develop the ability to withstand treatment by multiple antimicrobial drugs. This phenomenon has significant implications across human health, animal health, and environmental health, which are the pillars of the One Health concept.

Human Health

• Treatment Challenges: Fewer effective treatments and increased severity.

• Higher Mortality: Greater risk of death from ineffective treatments.

• Healthcare Burden: Longer hospital stays and higher costs.

Animal Health

• Harder Treatments: Affects animal health and productivity.

• Economic Impact: Increased costs and losses in livestock.

• Food Safety: Contaminated food supply risks.

Environmental Health

• Resistance Spread: MDR genes spread through waste and runoff.

• Ecosystem Impact: Affects wildlife and ecological balance.

Mitigation Strategies

• Antimicrobial Stewardship: Responsible use and education on alternatives.

• Infection Control: Improved hygiene and biosecurity measures.

• Surveillance: Tracking MDR patterns and global collaboration.

• Research: Developing new treatments and exploring alternatives.

• Public Awareness: Campaigns on antimicrobial resistance and hygiene.

pesticide, biocide and chemotherapeutic pollution of the environment - the one health perspective

while serving essential purposes in agriculture, healthcare, and sanitation, can also pose significant threats to human, animal, and environmental health. From a One Health perspective, their pollution of the environment underscores interconnected risks across these domains.

Human Health:

1. Exposure Risks: contaminate air, water, and food sources, leading to human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact.

2. Health Impacts: contribute to the development of respiratory issues, neurological disorders, reproductive problems, and cancer.

3. Residue Concerns: Residues of these chemicals in food and water raise concerns about food safety and long-term health effects

Animal Health:

1. Direct Exposure: Animals may ingest or come into contact through contaminated feed, water, or environmental sources.

2. Health Consequences: Exposure can lead to acute poisoning, reproductive disorders, immune suppression, and long-term health issues

3. Ecosystem Effects: Pesticide runoff and contamination can disrupt ecosystems, affecting biodiversity and the balance of natural habitats.

*Environmental Health:

1. Pollution Pathways: Runoff from agricultural fields, improper disposal, and leaching into water bodies are common pathways for pollution.

2. Ecological Impact: These pollutants can harm non-target organisms, including beneficial insects, aquatic life, and soil microbes, leading to imbalances in ecosystems.

3. Resistance Development: Overuse of these chemicals can contribute to the development of resistance in target and non-target organisms, posing challenges for pest and disease management.

emerging zoonotic diseases - epidemiology and prevention in the aspect of one health

emerging:

Cross-Species Transmission: Zoonotic diseases often originate in animals before spilling over to humans through direct or indirect contact. Examples include SARS-CoV-2, and avian influenza.

Environmental Factors: Changes in land use and climate change can disrupt ecosystems, bringing humans into closer contact with wildlife and increasing the risk of disease transmission.

Globalization and Travel: Increased international travel and trade facilitate the rapid spread of zoonotic pathogens across borders,

prevention:

Surveillance: Integrated monitoring of health to detect outbreaks early.

Risk Assessment: Identifying high-risk regions and implementing preventive measures like wildlife vaccination

Collaboration: Engaging various sectors and global cooperation

Public Education: Raising awareness about transmission risks

Infrastructure: Strengthening healthcare systems and research capacity

the importance of food production technology and control to the protection of the environment and human and animal health

*Food Safety: Utilizing advanced processing and packaging technologies such as HACCP systems and pasteurization.

*Animal Health: Implementing vaccination programs and strict biosecurity measures in livestock farms.

*Environmental Health: Adopting precision farming and waste management technologies like anaerobic digestion.

*Socioeconomic Impact: Supporting economic growth and food security through initiatives like community-supported agriculture and modern agricultural technologies.

the influence of food animal farming management on the environment and public health in terms of one health

*Environmental Impact

-Land Use: Leads to deforestation and habitat destruction.

-Water Resources: Contributes to water pollution

- Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Produces methane and nitrous oxide, contributing to climate change.

Antibiotic Resistance: Overuse of antibiotics leads to resistant bacteria in the environment.

*Public Health Impact

-Zoonotic Diseases: Increases risk of diseases like avian influenza and salmonellosis.

-Foodborne Illnesses: Contamination of animal products leads to diseases like E. coli infection.

-Air Quality: Emissions from farming operations affect respiratory health.

-Nutrition and Obesity: High consumption of animal products contributes to health issues like obesity.

one health vs parasites in humans and animals

One Health provides a framework for understanding and addressing the complex interactions between humans, animals, and parasites, leading to more effective disease prevention and control strategies.

One Health Approach:

Recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.

Promotes collaboration across sectors to address health issues comprehensively.

Emphasizes preventive strategies and holistic solutions.

Parasites in Humans and Animals:

Many parasites infect both humans and animals, leading to zoonotic diseases.

Parasitic infections can cause various health problems in both populations.

Transmission routes include direct contact, ingestion, and vector-borne transmission.

Environmental factors influence the distribution and prevalence of parasitic infections.