M7 Baena- Life requires a continual energy flux

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how does the organisation of life not defy the second law of thermodynamics?

  • the second law: the total entropy of a system and its surrounding increases for a spontaneous process

  • life seems to disobey this because small molecules spontaneously assemble into a highly organised state (decrease in entropy)

  • however, local entropy can spontaneously decrease as long as the total entropy of the system increases

  • life is possible because its biochemical processes:

    • increase the entropy of the environment by taking up highly ordered forms of energy and releasing less ordered forms (and using the energy released in catabolism to produce ATP)

    • couple non-spontaneous reactions with more energetically favourable ones (primarily the hydrolysis of ATP)

  • the energy released can be used to produce macromolecules and decrease the entropy within the cell

<ul><li><p>the second law: the total entropy of a system and its surrounding increases for a spontaneous process</p></li><li><p>life seems to disobey this because small molecules spontaneously assemble into a highly organised state (decrease in entropy)</p></li><li><p>however, local entropy can spontaneously decrease as long as the total entropy of the system increases</p></li><li><p>life is possible because its biochemical processes:</p><ul><li><p>increase the entropy of the environment by taking up highly ordered forms of energy and releasing less ordered forms (and using the energy released in catabolism to produce ATP)</p></li><li><p>couple non-spontaneous reactions with more energetically favourable ones (primarily the hydrolysis of ATP)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>the energy released can be used to produce macromolecules and decrease the entropy within the cell</p></li></ul><p></p>
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what is entropy?

  • entropy is a measure of disorder in a system

  • S = k x lnW, where:

    • S = entropy, k = constant and W = the number of possible microstates for the macrostate of the system

<ul><li><p>entropy is a measure of disorder in a system</p></li><li><p>S = k x lnW, where:</p><ul><li><p>S = entropy, k = constant and W = the number of possible microstates for the macrostate of the system</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
3
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why is ATP the universal energy currency?

  • can be produced from adenine nucleotides

  • adenine is the only base that doesn’t include oxygen

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