040 HPL - ATPLQ Memory Items

SHELL Model

• Hardware = Hard = a cockpit is hard to touch = ACFT equipment and systems.

• Software = Soft = a checklist is soft to touch = Rules and Checklists.

TEM Model

Threats:

• Environmental = Missing or confusing markings, Weather.

• Organisational = Heavy workload.

Errors - Always influenced by the Crew:

• Procedural error:

  • Mistakes in SOPs, checklists, callouts, briefings, or documentation.

• Communication error:

  • Miscommunication with ATC, ground crew, or other pilots.

• Handling error:

  • Flight controls, automation, systems, or ground navigation errors.

Undesired Aircraft State - Result of a Crew behaviour, due to poor Threat & Error management:

• Deviations from desired path.

• ACFT position/speed deviations.

• Incorrect configuration.

Countermeasures:

• Systemic. If there is no such answer: then Hardware. GPWS, SOPs.

ICAO Core Competencies

Curvy Ladies Shag Powerful Warriors After Ample Alcohol.

• C-ommunication.

• L-eadership.

• S-ituational awareness.

• P-roblem solving.

• W-orkload mgmt.

• A-pplication of procedures.

• A-ircraft FPM automation.

• A-ircraft FPM manual.

SMS: PRAP

• PAMP: Policy, Assurance, risk Management, Promotion.

• Or P-RAP

Rasmussen SRK

• Skill-based: Automatic, unconscious actions (e.g. throttle adjustment).

  • Associated errors: Environmental Capture and Action slip (known as Errors of Routine).

• Rule-based: Following procedures (e.g. checklists).

• Knowledge-based: Problem-solving in novel situations.

CRM Countermeasures

• PF corrects = Execution countermeasure.

  • The PF executes.

• PM corrects = Review countermeasure.

  • The PM reviews.

• Planning Countermeasures: briefings, plans, roles.

Safety Culture

(An) Informed Reporter Learning Just Fl(exible)ying.

1. Informed culture – Actively collects, analyses, and shares safety data.

   1. Most effective towards Risk Management.

2. Reporting culture – Encourages reporting without fear of blame.

3. Learning culture – Learns from errors and is open to change.

4. Just culture – Protects honest mistakes but does not tolerate gross negligence or wilful violations.

5. Flexible culture – Adapts effectively to changing demands.

TUC

• 20.000 ft = 30 min.

• 25.000ft = 2 min.

• 30.000 ft = 1 min.

• 35.000 ft = 0.5 min.

• 40.000 ft = 0.25 min.

Hypoxia Altitudes

• 5.000 ft: night vision.

• 7.000 ft: mistakes.

• 10.000 ft: judgement.

• 12.000 ft: Short Term Memory.

• 12-22.000 ft: Hypoxia.

• >22.000 ft: death.

Hypoxia Thresholds:

• Reaction >7.000 ft.

  • Mistakes, Night Vision.

• Disturbance: 10-12.000 ft.

  • Max capable of compensating.

• Critical: >22.000 ft.

• Reversed Alphabetical.

CO, CO2, O2

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• Symptoms: Headache, nausea, dizziness.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

• increases Acidity of the blood.

Oxygen (O2)

• increases Alkality of the blood.

• Hyperventilating: reduces acidity, makes it more Alkaline.

Oxygen Saturation

• 8.000/10.000 ft: 100% O2 non-pressurised = MSL.

• 32.000/35.000 ft: 100% O2 pressurised = MSL.

• 38.000 ft: 100% O2 pressurised = 8.000 ft.

• 40.000 ft: 100% O2 pressurised = 10.000 ft.

  • Subtract 30.000!

Non-pressurised Cabin Oxygen

• 0-10.000: No extra O2.

• 10.000 - 34.000: Extra O2

• 34.000-40.000: Extra O2, 100%.

• >40.000: Pressurised O2 100%

Motion - Vestibular Apparatus

• Semi-Circular Canals: Angular Acceleration (yaw, pitch, roll).

  • Circular = Angular.

• Otoliths Organs: Oto = GLA!

• Linear Acceleration & Gravity.

  • Utricles: Linear & Horizontal Accelerations.

  • Saccules: Linear & Vertical (Gravity) Accelerations.

Hearing

Eardrum - Ossicles (bones) - Eustachian Tube - Cochlea (endolymph) - Auditory Nerve.

Illusions 1

• Somatogyral/Leans: when an abrupt recovery/rapid correction is made to a bank.

• SomatoGravic: Acceleration gives false pitch up.

• Empty Visual Field Myopia: in absence of focal points, the eye tends to focus at a close distance.

  • Feeling Too High.

• Coriolis illusion: when you move your head during a constant turn/spin.

• Autokinesis: stationary light appears to move in the dark.

Illusions 2

• Atmospheric Perspective: mist/fog/haze filters the color from the light, which alters the apparent size of objects.

  • Too High than actual = will fly lower than safe.

  • Further away than actual = will fly shallower, then overcorrect (steep approach).

• False Horizon: line of stars mistaken for horizon/city lights (departure).

• Black Hole Effecrt: absence of lighted terrain between the ACFT and RWY on approach. Feeling Higher than actual = Short landing (in front of RWY)/too low approach/shallow approach.

• Relative Movement: the train next to you starts moving instead of you.

Too High, Too Low

• Less Land Features: Too High (then it is).

• More Land Features: Too Low.

• Over Sea: being Too High.

• Over Rocky Terrain: being Too Low.

• Upslope/Narrow: being Too High.

  • Upslope: is narrower at the front.

• Downslope/Wide: being Too Low.

• Long: being Too High.

Too High, Too Low: Results

Too High/Low Result:

• Feeling too High: low approach (= will fly too low), shallow (due to correcting), possible undershoot (before the runway).

• Feeling too Low: high approach/steep (due to correcting), possible overshoot.

Sleep

• 4 to 5 REM stages, every 90-120 minutes (like a football match).

  • REM: for your mind, Non-REM: for your body.

• Circadian Low: 02:00 – 05:00 LT.

  • Worst performance at ~05:00.

The Eye

Cornea, Iris/Pupil, Lens, Retina.

Heart Rates Adults

• Active Exercise: 110 to 150 BPM.

• Normal Rest: 60 to 80 BPM.

• Sportive Rest: 30 to 50 BPM.

• Dead: 12 to 18 BPM.

Heart

• Veins: lung to heart (low O2, pulmonary high O2)

• Artery (Away): heart (via periphery) to lungs (high O2 normal, pulmonary low O2).

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood towards the heart.

• With the exception of pulmonary blood vessels, arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.

Blood pressure always artery.

Fume Events (EASA Greatest)

• Eye irritation

• Hand fire extinguisher in the cockpit.

• Hydraulic fluid (not oil!)

• Furnishing and trim materials

• Forbidden items in baggage

• (Spilled) Anti-ice fluid (not anti-ice)

• Smell in the cabin

• Smoke in the cabin

• Oil spilled in front of the landing gear.

• Steel Extinguisher: NOT TOXIC. Hand = TOXIC.

Automation Attention

• Blinkered Attention = concentrating only for one system instead whole system.

  • Blinkers = oogkleppen.

  • Is NOT "Environmental Capture": tendency to perform skills automatically in familiar settings.

  • Environmental Capture has nothing to do with the outside environment!

• Passive Monitoring = watching the system instead to analysing the system.

• Automation Complacency: over-trusting the system, ignore the need for cross-checking it.

  • Same with Communication: over-relying on Aural/Visual alerts instead of communicating.

General Adaptation Syndrome - GAS

1. Alarm: fight-or-flight response; release of adrenaline

   1. increased heart rate, breathing, and blood sugar—no specific organ targeted.

2. Resistance: Body targets the stressor with cortisol, converting fats to sugar for sustained energy.

3. Exhaustion: Chronic stress causes breakdown of the systems managing stress. The body reverts to a general alarm state and needs recovery time.

• Thus, Adrenaline in 1/Alarm, Cortisol in 2/Resistance.