Charles's quizlet

What is 1 in Roman Numerals?

I

What is 5 in Roman Numerals?

V

What is 10 in Roman Numerals?

X

What is 50 in Roman Numerals?

L

What is 100 in Roman Numerals?

C

What is 500 in Roman Numerals?

D

What is 1000 in Roman Numerals?

M

What is the Rule of Addition for Roman Numerals?

When a larger number is placed in front of a smaller number, the numbers are added; Any numbers that are repeated are added.

What is the Rule of Subtraction for Roman Numerals?

When a smaller number is placed in front of a larger number, the smaller number is subtracted from the larger one; You cannot subtract multiple digits; V is never subtracted; A number cannot be subtracted from another that is 10x or larger than the first number.

What is the Third Rule for Roman Numerals?

Letters should be arranged from largest to smallest.

What is the Fourth Rule for Roman Numerals?

Only powers of ten can be repeated; You can never repeat a number more than three times.

What was an absolute monarch?

A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society

Who came up with the idea of the Divine Right of Kings?

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

What was the idea of the Divine Right of Kings?

The idea that God created the monarchy and the monarch was God's representative on Earth

Monarchs were meant to answer to ___, not their ________.

God; subjects

Why did monarchs make bureaucracies?

So that they could have all the power of a monarch without having to do all the work.

What was the Hapsburg family known for?

Being super Catholic, super powerful, and super rich.

What territories were under Charles V's rule?

Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Spanish Colonies.

Why did Charles V divide the Hapsburg Empire?

Because it was too difficult for one person to rule.

Who was Charles V's little brother?

Ferdinand II

Who was Charles V's son?

Phillip II

What parts the original Spanish empire did Ferdinand II get?

Austria and the Holy Roman Empire

What parts of the original Spanish empire did Phillip II get?

Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the Spanish Colonies.

How many soldiers were in the Spanish military that Phillip II made?

50, 000

How long did the Reconquista take?

Almost 70 years

What two major religious events occurred around the time Phillip II became king?

The end of the Reconquista and the creation of the Anglican Church.

Who does Phillip II attack with his new army first?

The Ottoman Empire.

Who does Phillip II attack next with his new army?

England

Who did Phillip II beat with his army and who did he lose to?

Ottoman Empire, England

What were the two reasons Phillip II attacked England?

1. They were anti-Catholic Anglicans.
2. The English queen, Elizabeth I, refused Phillip II's request to marry him, as he wanted to become king of England.

Why was England geologically harder to attack than the Ottoman Empire?

Because they were on an island.

Why did the Spanish Armada lose to the British navy when the Spanish attacked England?

Because bad weather weakened the Spanish Armada, and then the British crushed the already exhausted Spanish.

What was the Escorial?

Phillip II's huge personal palace that contained a monastery and was built as a symbol of power and faith.

Who was El Greco?

Famous Greek painter who paintings showed the deep catholic faith of Spain.

Who was Miguel de Cervantes?

Spanish writer who wrote 'Don Quixote de la Mancha'

Who was Don Quixote?

A fictional character who tries to imitate brave knights.

Why was all the money coming in from the colonies partially a bad thing for Spain?

The amount of gold and silver in the markets let do inflation.

Why did the growing Spanish population cause inflation?

The demand for goods was higher than the supply, making the products more expensive.

Why was the Reconquista bad for the Spanish economy?

Valuable Jewish and Muslim merchants and artisans left the country, so the Spanish had to buy it from other places.

Taxes only applied to ____ people, and not the _____ class.

poor, upper

Why was the guild system hurting the Spanish economy?

The goods from the guild were high-quality but very expensive, so people who couldn't afford them would buy goods from other countries.

Why did Spain immediately lose all the money coming in from from the colonies?

Because of all the loans and debts Spain owed to other countries, any money they made would be used right away to pay other countries back.

How many times did Spain declare bankruptcy?

3 times

Who was the Hapsburg that ruled over the Dutch?

Ferdinand II

What did Ferdinand II do to keep the Dutch under control?

Put harsh taxes on them and try to get rid of Protestant churches.

Why were the Dutch more confident in revolting against the Spanish?

Because the Spanish weren't as powerful as they before due to lack of finance.

How long did the Dutch fight against the Spanish before they became independent?

11 years

Why did the Spanish decide to let the Dutch become independent?

Because it cost the Spanish more money to sustain than it was worth.

Who was Rembrandt van Rijn?

A Dutch artist who painted groups portraits using a lot of dark and grey colors.

Who was Jan Vermeer?

A Dutch artist who painted people with bright colors doing everyday things.

What happened at the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

Catholics attacked Protestant Huguenots during the wedding of Henry of Navarre(a French Huguenot) and Katherine de Medici(an Italian Catholic).

Why did the Catholics try to attack the Huguenots at the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

Since the majority of France was Catholic, they did not want Henry of Navarre to become king, as he was a Huguenot.

What title does Henry of Navarre get when he becomes king?

Henry IV (of France)

What dynasty does Henry of Navarre begin in France?

Bourbon

What did most of Henry of Navarre's decisions work towards?

Peace in France

Why did Henry of Navarre convert to Catholicism?

He wanted to have peace in France and could not hold the title of king as a Protestant, as there was a lot of pressure on him from the Catholics.

What was Henry of Navarre's famous quote when he converted to Catholicism?

"Paris is worth a mass."

Why were the Huguenots tense when Henry of Navarre converts to Catholicism?

They not only wanted a Protestant ruler but also fear that they will be attacked or kicked out because of the massacre.

What decree did Henry of Navarre issue to ensure religious toleration in France?

The Edict of Nantes

What did the Edict of Nantes do?

It states that Protestants won't get kicked out of France, get to keep their churches, and that there will be justice for religious violence.

How does Henry of Navarre die?

While touring France, Henry gets stabbed by a French Catholic in his carriage.

Who was Louis XIII?

Henry IV's son, became king after him at age nine.

Who was Cardinal Richelieu?

The chief advisor to Louis XIII.

Why did Louis XIII appoint Cardinal Richelieu as his chief minister?

So that Richelieu could do all the work while Louis XIII still had all the power.

Why did Cardinal Richelieu try to keep Louis XIII in power and make him as powerful as possible?

Because the more power Louis XIII had, the more power Cardinal Richelieu had.

What did Cardinal Richelieu demand of the Huguenot cities and nobles and why?

For them to take down their fortifications; Richelieu saw the Huguenot cities and powerful nobles as a threat, so without protection, Richelieu could swiftly defeat them if needed, giving more power to the monarchy.

Who did Cardinal Richelieu give the noble's jobs to?

The Middle Class of France: this made people appreciate Richelieu and be less likely to rebel.

What was an intendant?

People who would work for the government and would be given an amount of power to do their job.

What was the idea of Skepticism?

The idea that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Who was Michel de Montaigne?

Sparked the idea of essays/long articles; thought of the idea of the cycle of ideas.

What was the cycle of ideas?

That new information constantly replaces old ones, and that current ideas will soon be replaced.

Who was Rene Descartes?

Came up with deductive reasoning. Concluded that all things that think exist, and since he thought of it, he exists: "Because I think, therefore I am." "Cogito Ergo Sum"

Who was Louis XIV?

French king after Louis XIII; 'The Sun King'

Who was Cardinal Mazarin?

Took control of the government until Louis XIV was ready to rule, chief minister.

What did Cardinal Mazarin do that angered the French?

Mazarin raised taxes and strengthened the central government. Mazarin saw Spain's mistake in not taxing people with wealth, so he made nobles pay tax, and this made them upset.

What was the Fronde?

A noble uprising against Mazarin because he imposed taxes on the nobility.

Why did the Fronde not succeed?

The leadership wasn't very organized; not all the nobles were on the same page.

What does "L'etat c'est moi" mean and who said it?

"I am the State" - Louis XIV

Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert?

Louis XIV's minister of finance; hardcore mercantilist; wants France to be 100% self-sufficient; don't buy from anyone else.

In what three ways does Colbert try to keep money in France?

- Colbert let French businesses take out low-interest goods to stay in business so that French businesses can buy goods from France and those are goods that France can sell.
- Colbert lowers taxes on French companies.
- Colbert raises tariffs on imported goods so that people would be encouraged to buy goods from France.

What was the Palace of Versailles?

Louis XIV's palace; used to be his father's hunting lodge.

Why did Louis XIV keep all the nobles at his palace?

They would have parties, play games, and have a great time, but really this was used by Louis XIV as a distraction. With the nobles busy, he'd be free to rule the country.

What was the legacy of Louis XIV?

- Because of Louis XIV, France becomes the dominant power of Europe.
- However, Louis XIV was almost always involved in conflicts, which was extremely costly for France, in economics, and in population.

Why did the War of Spanish Succession occur?

Charles II (Hapsburg) of Spain died without a related heir. In his will, he gives the Spanish throne to Louis VIX's grandson, Phillip of Anjou. The rest of Europe freaks out because of how powerful a Bourbon on both the Spanish and French thrones would be. They form 'The Grand Alliance' to keep the European Balance of Power in check.

What happens during the War of the Spanish Succession?

The Grand Alliance attacks France, but Louis XIV holds them off and it ends in a draw after 13 years.

How does the War of Spanish Succession end?

- In 1714, the Treaty of Utrecht ends the war.
- Phillip of Anjou stays as king of Spain, as long as he doesn't also have the French throne.
- England gets Gibraltar from Spain. It becomes a crucial British naval base, and it helps control imports and exports from the Mediterranean Sea.

What were the economic differences relating to serfs throughout Europe?

- In Western Europe, serfs were being released. They industrialize.
- In Central Europe, serfs were not going anywhere. They fall behind, focusing more on agriculture.

Who was Charles VI of Austria?

The Austrian Hapsburg that was in charge of reconquering lost territory. He helps the Austrian Hapsburgs recover quickly from being limited to just Austria by conquering parts of Germany.

Who was Charles VI of Austria's only child?

Maria Theresa

What does Charles VI of Austria do in fear of negligence of his daughter being on the throne?

Charles VI goes to each of the main locations under his rule and makes the leaders of those areas pledge that they will uphold his wish that his daughter will become their leader and support her.

Who was Maria Theresa's greatest enemy?

Prussia

What was the ruling family of Prussia?

The Hohenzollerns

Who was Frederick William?

The "Soldier King' of Prussia; credited as the founder of the Prussian empire; believed that the only way to have a strong and safe empire was to have a strong army.

What did Frederick William do to keep the nobles in check and what happens?

He held a meeting with the nobles, explaining how the taxes will aid Prussia and bribing nobles to their ego by giving them military status.

Thanks to Frederick William, Prussia will always have a strong what?

Army

Why was Frederick William worried his son would not be a fitting ruler of the Prussian empire?

Because he was interested in art and not military.

What were Austria and Prussia fighting over in the War of Austrian Succession and why?

Silesia; because it bordered each of their lands and contained important resources.

How does Maria Theresa try to get allies against Prussia in the War of Austrian Succession?

She reasons with Hungary and England, getting them to be her allies.

What were the sides in the War of Austrian Succession?

Austria, Hungary, and England vs. Prussia and France

What were the sides in Europe during the 7 years war?

Austria and France vs. Prussia and England