History Final:Study:WW1 and Progressivism

Militarism

The belief in building up strong armed forces to prepare for war.

Alliances

Agreements between nations to aid and protect one another.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization or military force.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.

Allies (Allied Powers)

The coalition of countries including France, Britain, Russia, and later the U.S. during WWI.

Central Powers

The coalition of countries including Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during WWI.

Western Front

The front line of battle in WWI located in France and Belgium, characterized by trench warfare.

Eastern Front

The front line of battle in WWI located in Eastern Europe, known for more movement and fewer trenches.

Battle of the Marne

A significant battle near Paris, France, where France and Britain halted Germany's advance.

Trench warfare

A type of combat where soldiers fight from deep ditches, leading to slow and dangerous fighting.

Stalemate

A situation in which neither side can win, often occurring in trench warfare.

No man's land

The dangerous territory between enemy trenches, filled with hazards.

Life in the trenches

Characterized by cold, muddy conditions, with little food, and constant danger.

New weapons used in battle

Innovations such as airplanes, tanks, chemical weapons, large artillery, and automatic weapons.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's policy of sinking any ship, including non-warships, to cut off supplies to enemies.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine in 1915, leading to U.S. anger.

Zimmerman Note

A secret message from Germany to Mexico promising land in exchange for fighting the U.S.

American Expeditionary Force

The U.S. army sent to Europe during WWI, led by General John Pershing.

General Pershing

The leader of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI.

Propaganda

Messages designed to persuade people to support the war effort.

Committee of Public Information

A U.S. group that created propaganda to support the war during WWI.

Liberty Bonds

War loans purchased by citizens to help finance WWI.

U.S. Food Administration

A government group that encouraged food conservation during WWI.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Laws that made it illegal to spy or criticize the war or government during WWI.

National War Labor Board

A group that mediated labor disputes to ensure production for the war effort.

Increase in income tax

The rise in taxes on earnings during WWI to help cover war costs.

19th amendment

The constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote, passed in 1920.

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting, specifically the one signed on November 11, 1918, ending WWI.

Wilson's 14 Point Plan

A proposal for peace after WWI that included self-determination and the League of Nations.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A U.S. senator who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

Goals of Progressivism

To promote social welfare and expand democracy by improving living conditions and voting rights.

Economic reform

Reduce the power of big businesses and improve worker rights.

Foster efficiency

Make government and industry more effective and less corrupt.

Muckrakers

Writers who exposed problems in society, like corruption, poverty, and unsafe working conditions, to bring about change.

The Jungle

A book by Upton Sinclair that exposed the dirty and unsafe conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to food safety laws.

Hull House

A community center in Chicago, started by Jane Addams, to help poor people, especially immigrants, with education, jobs, and housing.

Child labor reform movements

Movements that worked to stop kids from working in dangerous jobs and to get them into schools instead.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A deadly factory fire in 1911 that killed many workers, leading to better safety laws for workers.

Prohibition

A ban on making, selling, and drinking alcohol in the U.S.

Anti-Saloon League

A group that worked to make alcohol illegal.

16th Amendment

Gave the U.S. government the power to collect income taxes.

18th Amendment

Made it illegal to make, sell, or transport alcohol in the U.S.

Unintended consequences

Consequences of Prohibition that included more crime, illegal alcohol sales (bootlegging), and the rise of gangs.

Election reform

Aimed to make voting fairer and more honest by allowing direct voting for leaders, using secret ballots, and giving citizens more power to propose and approve laws.

17th Amendment

Made senators elected directly by the people instead of by state governments.

Women's suffrage movement

Fought for women's right to vote and helped pass the 19th Amendment giving women that right.

Theodore Roosevelt

A U.S. president known for protecting nature, fighting big business unfairness, and supporting Progressive reforms.

Bully Pulpit

Using the president's power and public attention to speak out and promote ideas or change.

Meat Inspection Act

Required clean and safe conditions in meatpacking plants to protect consumers.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Made sure food and medicine were safe and labeled honestly.

Conservation

Protecting natural resources like forests, water, and wildlife to use them wisely and keep them safe for the future.

Trust Busting

Breaking up big companies (trusts) that unfairly control markets to promote competition and protect consumers.

William Howard Taft

A U.S. president who continued some Progressive reforms like trust-busting but was less popular than Roosevelt.

Bull Moose Party

A political party started by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 after he left the Republican Party to support Progressive reforms.

Woodrow Wilson

A U.S. president who supported Progressive reforms like lowering tariffs, creating the Federal Reserve, and fighting big business trusts.

Election of 1912

Had four main candidates: Woodrow Wilson (Democrat), Theodore Roosevelt (Bull Moose/Progressive), William Howard Taft (Republican), and Eugene V. Debs (Socialist), with Wilson winning due to split Republican votes.

Similarities between major political parties during the Gilded Age

Both supported big business and industry, avoided major reforms, and had ties to corruption and political machines.

Republicans

Strong in the North and among Protestants.

Democrats

Strong in the South and among Catholics and immigrants.

Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel empire (Carnegie Steel); used vertical integration; donated millions to education and libraries.

John D. Rockefeller

Founded Standard Oil; used horizontal integration and trusts to control the oil industry; became the richest man in the U.S.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Built a railroad empire; helped connect the country through transportation; also invested in shipping.

J.P. Morgan

Powerful banker; financed railroads and major corporations; helped stabilize the U.S. economy during financial crises.

Henry Ford

Revolutionized manufacturing with the assembly line; made cars affordable for many Americans.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the strongest people, businesses, or nations survive and succeed, like in nature ('survival of the fittest').

Gospel of Wealth

The idea that rich people have a duty to use their money to help society, promoted by Andrew Carnegie.

Sherman Antitrust Act

A law that made it illegal for businesses to form trusts or monopolies that limited competition; first federal law to try to stop unfair business practices.

Reasons for violent resistance to Unions

Business owners feared losing control and profits; strikes disrupted work and hurt the economy; many saw unions as radical or linked to socialism; the government often sided with business.

Reasons Unions were necessary

Workers had low pay, long hours, and unsafe conditions; unions gave workers a voice to demand better treatment.

City Boom in late 19th and early 20th centuries

Cities boomed due to industrialization, which created jobs in factories; people moved from rural areas and immigrants came for work.

City life for average worker

Crowded, dirty, and tough; many lived in tenements, worked long hours for low pay, and faced unsafe conditions.

Similarities between old and new immigrants

Came to the U.S. for jobs and a better life; faced discrimination and hard working conditions; lived in crowded city neighborhoods.

Differences between old and new immigrants

Old immigrants (before 1880): Mostly from Northern and Western Europe; spoke English; more easily accepted. New immigrants (after 1880): Mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe; spoke little English; faced more prejudice.

Settlement houses

Community centers in poor city areas that helped immigrants with education, job training, and housing.

Temperance movement

A movement that wanted to limit or ban alcohol, believing it caused poverty, crime, and family problems.

Connection of settlement houses and temperance to immigration

Many reformers linked immigrant life to urban problems; they created settlement houses to help immigrants adjust and supported temperance to improve morals and living conditions.