Carbohydrates

• Ptyalin

• Amylopsin

Starch-digesting enzymes which breaks down polymers to dextrins and disaccharides

Monosaccharides

Which class of sugar is absorbed by the gut via active transport or facilitated diffusion?

Glucose

It is the ONLY carbohydrate to be used directly for energy

Hexokinase or glucokinase

After glucose enters the cell, it undergoes phosphorylation into glucose-6-phosphate through the action of:

Glycolysis

It is the term used to describe the metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for energy production

Insulin

Produced by the beta cells of the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas

Glucagon

Produced by the alpha cells of the islet of Langerhans

Somatostatin

Which hormone inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion?

Thyroid

Which hormone increases glucose absorption in the small intestines?

Diabetes Mellitus

Heterogenous group of multifactorial, polygenic syndromes characterized by an elevated FBG caused by a relative or absolute deficiency in insulin

Type 1 DM

Type of DM characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin caused by an autoimmune attack on the beta cells

Type 2 DM

Type of DM characterized by a combination of insulin resistance and dysfunctional beta cells

≥200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L)

Random plasma glucose level indicative of DM:

≥126 mg/dL (≥7.0 mmol/L)

Fasting plasma glucose level indicative of DM:

≥6.5%

HbA1c level indicative of DM:

5.7-6.4%

HbA1c level indicative of pre-diabetes:

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

The OGTT is used for the detection of:

Gray top tubes

Venous blood samples for an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) are preferably collected in:

FBG

It is measured right before administration of OGTT load

Should be stopped immediately

In OGTT, an FBG of greater than 140 mg/dL necessitates that the test:

75g

What is the OGTT glucose load for adults?

Discontinue the test

A patient vomits during an oral glucose tolerance test. What should be done?

1.75/kg bodyweight max of 75g

What is the OGTT glucose load for children

5-15 minutes

Patients should finish an OGTT glucose load within:

≥2

GDM is diagnosed if ____ plasma glucose levels are exceeded.

At least twice a year

The ADA recommends that an HbA1C be tested __________ to monitor long-term glycemic control.

Every 6 months

For patients with controlled DM, HbA1C should be tested:

Every 3 months

For patients with uncontrolled DM, HbA1C should be tested:

<7%

A patient with DM should have his/her HbA1C levels monitored. What is the target HbA1C level?

Decreased RBC lifespan

Falsely decreased HbA1C results indicate:

2-3 weeks

Fructosamine monitoring provides a short-term assessment of average blood glucose levels over the preceding:

Hypoalbuminemia

Fructosamine levels are falsely decreased in patients with which condition?

65-70 mg/dL

The plasma glucose concentration at which glucagon and other glycemic factors are released is between:

50-55 mg/dL

What is the range of plasma glucose concentration where observable symptoms of hypoglycemia appear?

500 mg/dL or more

As little as 10% contamination with 5% dextrose (D5W) will elevate glucose in a sample by:

Glucose oxidase

It is the most specific enzyme reacting with only Beta-D-glucose

Hexokinase method

The primary reference method for glucose measurement is the:

Uptake of glucose by cells

Which of the following biochemical processes is promoted by insulin?

• Ascorbic acid

• Uric acid

Hexokinase method is not affected by:

Rate of O2 depletion

Polarographic methods for glucose analysis are based on which principle of measurement?

von Gierke disease

The most common congenital form of glycogen storage diseases

Glucose 6-phosphatase

What is the deficient enzyme responsible for von Gierke disease?