2BIOCHEM: Lipids and Carbohydrates

Lipids

are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells

Fats, Oil, Waxes, Certain Vitamins, Hormones, Non-Protein Membranes of the cell

Examples of lipids include

Hydrocarbons

Lipids are biomolecules containing chains of

Hydrocarbons

are organic compounds that are made up of carbon and hydrogen, and are insoluble in water.

plants, animals

Lipids are molecules that can be extracted from _________ and _________ using nonpolar solvents

Ether, Chloroform, Acetone

Lipids are molecules that can be extracted from plants and animals using nonpolar solvents such as

Fats

belong to this group as do other steroids, phospholipids forming cell membrane components etc.

not soluble, non-polar, soluble, non-polar environments, chloroform

Lipids are _____ _________ in water. They are __________ and are thus _______ in _________ ____________ like in ___________ but not soluble in polar environments like water.

F, energy

T OR F:
When lipids are metabolized, they release large amounts of oxygen, and thus they are useful to organisms.

Insulation

Aside from functioning as long-term energy storage, they also serve as

warmer

Therefore, organisms with more lipids in the body can keep themselves __________

T

T OR F:
Animals that live in the polar regions, such as polar bears, reindeer, and penguins, have bodies with thick fat layers as their form of adaptation to the freezing temperatures.

dietary fats

Lipids are utilized or synthesized from

storing energy

The main biological functions of lipids include ________ _________ as lipids may be broken down to yield large amounts of energy

Lipids

form the structural components of cell membranes and form various messengers and signaling molecules within the body.

Source and Storage of Energy, Important Part of the Membrane surrounding every body cell, basic building blocks from which several hormones and bile acids are made, Components of the nervous system

Importance of Lipids

Triglycerides

Known as fats

Triglycerides

an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.

Triglycerides

are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other animals, as well as vegetable fat.

Fatty Acids

Molecules that are long chains of lipid-carboxylic acid found in fats and oils and in cell membranes as a component of phospholipids and glycolipids

Carboxylic Acid

an organic acid containing the functional group (-COOH)

Saturated, Unsaturated

Types of Fatty Acids

Saturated Fats

contains only single bonds in the fatty acid chain.

Saturated Fats

They are found in animal fat products such as cream, cheese, butter, other whole milk dairy products and fatty meats which also contain dietary cholesterol.

cream, cheese, butter, dairy products, fatty meats

Saturated Fats are found in animal fat products such as

Saturated Fats

tend to clog the lining of blood vessels and block the flow of blood when consumed in high amounts

Arteriosclerosis

hardening of arteries

Arteriosclerosis, High Blood Pressure, Heart Attack

Saturated Fats have been linked to

Unsaturated Fats

Contain one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain

Unsaturated Fats

are found in plants

Phospholipids

are lipids with a phosphate group, as the name applies.

Phospholipids

have a structure similar to with additional properties.

Hydrophobic or Non-Polar Tails

Attached on one side of the glycerol backbone are

Hydrophobic or Non-Polar Tails

are composed of two chains of fatty acids.

Hydrophilic or Polar Tails

Attached on the other side of the glycerol backbone is the

plasma, double layer of phospholipids

Attached on the other side of the glycerol backbone is the hydrophilic or polar ‘head’ which is composed of a phosphate group, when exposed to water the hydrophilic heads are drawn toward the center, and the hydrophilic tails move away from the water.

Because of this orientation, the cell’s _______ membrane contains a _________ _______ ___ ______________

T

T OR F:

The structure of the phospholipid bilayer in a cell membrane allows the hydrophilic “heads” to interact with the outside environment and with the cytoplasm, while the hydrophilic “tails” face each other on the inside of the cell membrane

Steroids

have four fused carbon rings.

Metabolism, Immune Response, Reproduction, Other Biological Processes

Steroids help in

Steroid

an organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration

dietary lipid cholesterol, sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone

Examples of Steroids

Certain Steroids: Important Components of Cell Membranes which alter Membrane Fluidity, Many Steroids: Signaling Molecules which activate Steroid Hormone Receptors

Steroids have two principal biological functions:

Cholesterol

is a sterol

Sterol

one of the most common steroid forms

Cholesterol Formation

usually happens in major organs such as the brain and blood vessels, where it gets deposited on the walls and lining of these organs.

Atherosclerosis

When cholesterol hardens in the blood vessels, it can either hamper or block the flow of blood, causing a medical problem known as

Cholesterol

are also major components in the formation of bile salts and gallstones.

Lipoproteins

Cholesterol is carried in the blood attached to proteins called

HDL, LDL

There are two main forms of Lipoproteins:

LDL Cholesterol

often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because too much is unhealthy.

HDL Cholesterol

often referred to as “good cholesterol” because it is protective.

Testosterone

a male sex hormone

Testosterone

responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen, Progesterone

Female sex hormones controlling the ovulation cycle

Estradiol

instrumental in breast development, fat distribution in the hips, legs, and breasts, and the development of reproductive organs.

Progesterone

secreted to prevent uterine contractions that may disturb the growing embryo. The hormone also prepares the breasts for lactation.

Testosterone

Synthesized cholesterol in the testes

Estrogen, Progesterone

Synthesized cholesterol in the ovaries

Waxes

are esters (carboxylic acid derivatives), which are combined from certain alcohols and fatty acids.

hydrophobic

•Because of the long hydrocarbon chains, waxes are extremely ____________, which means they do not react with water.

Waxes

found everywhere in nature as these are used by organisms, such as the thin coatings on leaves and stems.

Wax

prevents the plant from losing excess water

repel water

The furs and feathers of animals also have wax to

protection

Aside from waterproofing functions, waxes are also used for

Earwax

prevents the entry of some materials into the ear canal.

Cerumen

also capable of repelling and even killing insects in certain cases.

Waxes

are also transparent, less viscous, and have high melting points

fat

Most animals use _____ for long-term energy storage

T

T OR F:

Excess sugars in your body can also be converted to fats.

Fats and Lipids

are common components of food and may perform essential roles

Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Functional lipids such as _____________________________, conjugated linoleic acids, medium chain triglycerides, and phytosterols have many beneficial effects on human health such as in obesity, bone health, and in treating and managing depression, blood pressure, cardiovascular health, etc.

Eicosanoids

The ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids regulates the production of

Eicosanoids

are the metabolites of these series of fatty acids

T

T OR F:

Scientific evidence has shown encouraging improvements in patients and beneficial effects in healthy persons with the use of supplemental and dietary forms of functional lipids.

Carbohydrates

contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Sugar, Starches, Cellulose

Carbohydrates forms a class of organic compounds that includes

polyhydroxyaldehydes, polyhydroxyketones

Carbohydrates are now defined as ___________________ or _____________________ or substances that yield these compounds on hydrolysis.

Carbohydrates

Most abundant biomolecule found in nature

4 kilocalorie/gram

Carbohydrates can yield _______________ upon hydrolysis

Provide Energy, Spare Proteins, Assist in Fat Breakdown, Provide Bulk in the Diet

Four key function of Carbohydrates in the body

Proteins

build and maintain cell structure

Ketosis

Associated with low carbohydrate diets

Glucose

preferred source of energy

Tiredness, Headache, Thirst, Bad Breath, Metallic Taste in Mouth, Weakness, Dizziness, Nausea, Stomach Ache, Sleep Problems

Symptoms of Ketosis (THTMWDNSS)

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides

CLASSIFICATION of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

building blocks of carbohydrates

Number of Carbon Atoms, Functional Group

Monosaccharides can be classified according to:

glycosidic bonds

Monosaccharides can be linked by ___________ ________ to create larger structures

Isomers

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but have different structures are called

Fructose, Glucose, Mannose, Galactose

are all isomers of each other, having the same chemical formula, C₆H₁₂O₆

epimers

Carbohydrate isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom are defined as ____________ of each other.

Enantiomers

special type of isomerism is found in the pairs of structures that are mirror images of each other.

D-sugar, L-sugar

These mirror images are called enantiomers, and the two members of the pair are designated as a

D-Sugars

The vast majority of the sugars in humans are

D Isomeric Form, right, L Isomeric Form, left

In the ___ _________ ______, the –OH group on the asymmetric carbon (a carbon linked to four different atoms or groups) farthest from the carbonyl carbon is on the _______, whereas in the _________ it is on the ______.

Monosaccharides

can be joined to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose

Important disaccharides include

Glycosidic Bonds

The bonds that link sugars are called

Glycogen

formed in the body cells from molecules of glucose

Glycogenolysis

glycogen is hydrolyzed into glucose is called