Ch. 18/20: The Reform Era & African Americans in the 1800s

Second Great Awakening

a revival of religious feeling and belief from the 1800s to the 1840s

Conform

to obey established rules and patterns

Individualism

to act based on one's own beliefs

Devote

to give time, money, or effort to help a person or cause

Abolitionist

a person who supported abolition, or the ending of slavery

Discrimination

Unequal treatment based on a person's race, gender, religion, place of birth, or other arbitrary characteristic.

Segregation

The social separation of groups of people, especially by race.

Underground Railroad

A secret network of free blacks and whites who helped thousands of slaves escape to free states and Canada.

Oppression

The feeling of being weighed down or held back by severe and unfair force.

Which movement did Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau lead?

Transcendentalist

How did the transcendentalist approach contribute to the spirit of reform?

Questioned society's rules and institutions

Who dedicated her life to helping the imprisoned?

Dorothea Dix

What were the conditions before the prison reform movement?

\-Prisoners were put in cages and chains

\-Most mentally ill were imprisoned in poor conditions

\-Children were tried as adults in court

What were the reforms passed after the prison reform movement?

\-Separate institutions were established for the mentally ill

\-Children in criminal institutions attended classes and learned useful skills

\-Rehabilitation of prisons were encouraged and people believed they could be productive citizens

Who benefited most from public schools? Why?

White Boys- Women and African Americans were not offered privileges of schooling

What was a condition for most children before the reform movement by Horace Mann?

They did not attend school

What motivated William Lloyd Garrison to join the antislavery movement?

religious beliefs

How did Frederick Douglass spread his message of freedom for all people?

Through newspapers

How did Angelina and Sarah Grimke lead the way for women?

They were not allowed to speak in public at a convention

What was an obstacle for women who were working to end slavery?

They were not allowed to vote

Why did Elizabeth Blackwell have a difficult time getting into medical school?

Most medical schools did not accept women

Describe the conditions women had before the movement.

Could not vote and didn't have control over wages and property

How were women and slaves similar?

Both were denied basic rights

Who was the organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention?

Lucretia Mott

Which document was the model for the Seneca Falls Convention?

Declaration of Independence

What was an immediate effect of the Seneca Falls Convention?

It created an organized campaign for women's rights

Elizabeth Cady Stantion and Susan B. Anthony worked together to campaign for whose rights?

Women's

What hardships did free African Americans in both the North and South face?

Discrimination and racism

Where did free African Americans in the South most often find work?

Low-paying jobs

What was an effect of segregation policies in the North?

People were separated by race in public places

What was the legal status of enslaved people in the United States?

property

How did the invention of the cotton gin affect slaves?

It increased demand for cotton which increased the demand for enslaved people

Why did southerners who did not own slaves continue to support slavery?

South's economy depended on slave labor.

What did Harriet Tubman's work with the Underground Railroad involve?

As a fugitive from slavery, she guided enslaved people from the South to freedom

What was the most common way that slaves resisted slavery?

By finding ways to quietly rebel

How did Southern states respond to rebellions?

They passed stricker slave codes

What did most slaves generally fear the most?

Getting sold away from families

What was a lesson slave families taught their children?

Being quiet around whites

How did the "invisible church" benefit enslaved people?

It provided a means for enslaved people to comfort each other

In what THREE ways did enslaved people express African cultural traditions?

Art, music, folk tales