Chapter 12

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What is gene expression on a molecular level?

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21 Terms

1

What is gene expression on a molecular level?

The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins.

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2

Why is gene expression important?

Proteins play a crucial role in the structure, function, and regulation of cells, impacting traits and overall physiology.

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3

What are proteins' primary functions in organisms?

Proteins are involved in nearly all cellular processes, including catalyzing reactions and regulating cellular functions.

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4

How does gene expression affect an organism's phenotype?

Many traits result from protein activity, making gene expression directly impact an organism’s phenotype.

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5

What occurs during the initiation stage of transcription?

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on DNA, unwinding the DNA and starting RNA synthesis.

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6

What happens during the elongation stage of transcription?

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA by adding complementary RNA nucleotides as it moves along the DNA.

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7

What signals the termination of RNA synthesis?

RNA synthesis stops when RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal, releasing the RNA transcript.

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8

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus, with RNA undergoing processing such as splicing.

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9

Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm, with RNA being immediately translated without processing.

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10

What are codons?

Sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that code for specific amino acids.

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11

Why are codons significant?

Codons are the basic unit of the genetic code and direct protein synthesis during translation.

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12

What is the role of mRNA in translation?

mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

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13

What does tRNA do during translation?

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, matching codons in mRNA with anticodons on tRNA.

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14

What is the function of the ribosome in translation?

The ribosome facilitates the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

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15

How does the ribosome utilize the mRNA sequence?

The ribosome reads the mRNA sequence and sequentially adds corresponding amino acids to form a protein.

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16

What are conserved genes?

Genes that remain unchanged across species due to their essential functions.

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17

How is a phylogenetic tree constructed?

A phylogenetic tree is constructed by comparing conserved gene sequences across different species.

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18

What do nodes represent in a phylogenetic tree?

Nodes represent the last common ancestor of the branches stemming from that node.

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19

What does the proximity of branches in a phylogenetic tree indicate?

The closer two species' branches are, the more recent their common ancestor, indicating a closer evolutionary relationship.

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20

What is the role of processing in eukaryotic transcription?

RNA undergoes modifications such as splicing and the addition of a cap and tail before translation.

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21
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