motivation, emotion, and personality

personality

someone’s characteristic pattern of thinking and acting

Aron Ralsten

guy who got pinned by rocks and cut his arm off

motivation

whatever drives you to action. gets you moving

instinct theory

thoery that people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so. Charles Darwin. rooting reflex.

explains similarities to ancestry, but doesn’t explain humans as well

drive-reduction theory

biological theory that inner pushes and external pulls drive our behaviors. inner needs motivate organism to satisfy the need

explains motivation to reduce arousal, but doesn’t explain why some motivated behaviors increase arousal

push factors

things that motivate us to get *away* from bad things

pull factors

things that motivate us to work *toward* good things

homeostasis

our bodies steady internal state

optimal arousal theory

theory that we aim to find the right level of stimulation. the organism may even find behaviors that increase arousal due to boredom

explains why behavior may increase or decrease arousal, but doesn’t explain motivation to address complex social needs

yerkes-dodson law

moderate or ‘just-right’ arousal leads to best performance. too low or too high arousal affects performance. we don’t want to be overly challenged

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. explains why we have levels of various needs, but order of needs may change from circumstance.

Incentive theory

theory that we are driven by intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. operant conditioning. Based on learning principles. doesn’t take external stimuli into account

self actualization

our need to fill our unique potential and goals. nearly impossible. all people strive to fulfill their natural desire to acheive their full potential

lateral hypothalamus

part of the hypothalamus that tells us were hungry

ventromedial hypothalamus

part of the hypothalamus that tells us were full

set point theory

theory that states the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain body weight. weight drops=we eat more. weight gain=we eat less. happy weight

metabolic rate

how quickly our body uses energy

garcia effect

certain foods make you more hungry. taste aversion affects this too

sexual response

initial excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, refractory phase, resolution phase

acheivment motivation

need for acheivment drives accomplishment and peformance. skill doesnt matter

intrinsic motivation

behavior driven by internal rewards. INSIDE

extrinsic motivation

behavior is driven by external rewards. money, fame, praise

affiliation need

people need other people in order to survive and thrive. social animals

overjustification effect

when an external factor decreases ones intrinsic motivation to complete a certain task

emotion

mind and bodys response to a stimulus

nonverbal communication NVC

expressing feelings or emotions through gestures or facial expressions. middle finger

display rule

cultures informal norms about expressing emotions. laughing at a funeral = bad

common sense theory

theory where stimulus leads to emotion, then to arousal through the ANS. event→emotion→arousal. trembling because youre scared

james lange theory

theory that emotions occur as a result of physical reaction to a stimulus. scared because youre trembling. event→arousal→emotion.

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions. smile at yourself to be happier

cannnon bard theory of emotions

physical and mental responses occur at the **same** time after an event. you can have physical reactions linked to emotions without the emotion.

schachter singer two factor theory

theory that physical response occurs first, then mind identifies reason for arousal and decides emotion

catharsis

releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy, temporary releif

approach-approach conflict

decide between two appealing things/goals

avoidance-avoidance conflict

decide between two equally bad things/goals

approach-avoidance conflict

decide between situations with pros and cons

multiple approach-avoidance conflicts

weighing pros and cons of situations with both good and bad elements

subjective well being

self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

adaptation level phenomenon

tendency to form judgments relative to prior experience. happiness relative to our own experiences

relative deprivation

perception that we are worse off relative to those we compare us to. happiness relative to others success

instincts

behaviors that occur unconsciously because they feel right

Ghrelin

neurotransmitter that *increases* hunger when stomach is empty

orexlin

neurotransmitter that increases hunger through hypothalamus

PYY

decreases hunger, digestive tract

leptin

decreases hunger, protein hormone

insulin

controls glucose levels, pancreas

neophobia

dislike of new foods

cortisol

hormone with stress

Caroll Izard’s 10 emotions

jpy, interest, excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt

halo errors

when ones overall evaluation of a personality trait biases ratings of specific work related behaviors

Sekye’s general adaptation syndrome

the general response humans and other animals have to a stressful event. alarm, resistance, exhaustion

basal metabolic rate

measure of how much energy our body takes in while resting in homeostasis

personality psychology

scientific study of the whole person

sigmund freud

father of psychoanalysis. most of his ideas have been discredited

psychoanalytic theories on personality

unconscious conflicts shape behavior fo personality

SF unconscious

reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts. basement of the brain. sigmund freud

ID

personality structure. inborn biological urges. operated on pleasure principle. devil on your shoulder

ego

personality structure. in between. operates on reality principle. mediated id and superego. partly conscious thoughts

superego

personality structure. morality. develops from culture and environment. operates on morality principle. guilt

psychosexual stages

sigmund frued. childhood stages of development where id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on erogenous zones. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

oedipus complex

a boys sexual desires toward his mother and jealousy toward his father. phallic stage. girls experience electra complex

identification

sigmund freud. belief where children incorporate their parents values into developing superegos.

fixation

a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies when conflicts were unresolved in psychosexual states. carries into adulthood. SF

free association

SF. saying whatever comes to mind to explore the unconscious. Freudian slip

manifest content

whats remembered from a dream, censored content. actual dream content

freudian slip

we say the wrong thing out loud= truth surfacing. hes a penis… pianist

latent content

not remembered from a dream, unconscious. repressed wishes, events, drives, desires. what the manifest content means

SF’s dream interpretation

dreams are the ‘royal road’ to finding out about the unconscious mental life via free association. dreams are the playground for the ID

psychoanalysis

freuds techniques used in treating psychological disorders

defense mechanisms

SF believed the ego protects itself with tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety. safeguard the ego. distorts reality

repression

foundation for all defense mechanisms. information being put into the unconscious DM

displacement

taking out frustrations, feelings, and impulses on things less threatening DM

projection

taking our feelings and ascribing them to other people DM

regression

reverting to patterns of behavior used in childhood when confronted DM

denial

refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is occuring DM

rationalization

explaining unacceptable behavior in a rational manner to avoid true reason. excuses DM

reaction formation

hiding true feelings by behaving in exact opposite manner. pretending. hating your kid, but spoiling DM

sublimation

channeling emotions into a socially acceptable activity DM

intelectualization

obtaining knowledge to have a sense of control DM

preconscious

where thoughts live and can be accessed by conscious mind SF

neo-freudians

psychodynamic approach. took freuds ideas and tweaked them. accepted id, ego, and superego and personality was defined by childhood. but thought there was increasing role of conscious and less sex & violence

Carl Jung

early follower of sigmund freud. thought people share collective unconscious

collective unconscious

Carl Jung. our common collection of images weve gained as humans and our past

archetypes

Carl Jung. structural components of the collective unconscious . predisposed roles

persona

Carl Jung. ‘mask’ or conformity archetype. conscious actions to fit into social norms.’acting’

anima

Carl Jung. hidden female side of men

animus

Carl Jung. hidden masculine side of women

shadow self

Carl Jung. side of ourselves we want hidden. ‘animal’ side. biases and ideas we are ashamed of

alfred adler

emphasized social interest as the primary determinant of behavior. people strive for superiority an compensate for inferiority. birthorder

inferiority complex

alfred adler. compensating for feelings of being inadequate

karen horney

feminist perspective to freud . men and women are envious of each other, womb envy

projective test

personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli. reliable at uncovering unconscious traits, criticized for being unreliable

thematic apperception test (TAT)

test where people express their inner feelings and interests through stories they make up about ambiguous pictures. 30 cards

rorschach inkblot test

most used test. 10 inkblots. asked what they resemble

humanistic theory

emphasize the importance of free will and experience. positive qualities and potential in all of us

carl rodgers

self theory. consistent set of beliefs and perceptions about ourselves

ideal self

carl rodgers. the person you would like to be

real self

carl rodgers. the person you actually are

incongruence

carl rodgers. difference between our real self and ideal self. more= more impact of on self-concept

unconditional positive regard

showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what. carl rogers