Reactions and Bonds

oxidation

[blank] of reduced compounds is strongly favorable

hydrolysis

[blank] reactions tend to be strongly favorable (spontaneous)

Isomerization

[blank] reactions have smaller free energy changes; between enantiomers deltaGnot=0

energy input

Formation of new C-X bonds needs…

Positive

Oxidations add more (pos/neg)

Negative

Reductions add more (pos/neg)

Reduced

Obtained electrons or hydrogen

Oxidized

Lost electrons or hydrogen

electron transfer

Redox reactions need…

oxidoreductase

transfer of electrons (hydride ions or H atoms)

transferase

group transfer reactions

hydrolase

hydrolysis reactions; transfer of functional groups to water

lyase

addition of groups to double bonds, or formation of double bonds by removal of groups

isomerase

transfer of groups within molecules to form isomeric forms

ligase

Formation of new C-C, S, O, N bonds by condensation reactions coupled to cleavage of ATP or similar cofactor