medcine in Britain - 1700 - 1900

spontaneous generation

the mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources

Spontaneous Generation Theory

Decaying matter and mould generated bacteria

Contagionists

Believed disease could spread through contact

Anticontagionists

Believed disease spread through miasma

Miasma

bad air

What did Louis Pasteur do?

disprove spontaneous generation

What did Pasteur observe under the microscope

Unwanted microbes in wine and vinegar cells which turned liquids bad

When was germ theory published by Pasteur ?

1861

What did Pasteur show in Germ theory ?

Sterilised water was still sterile if the flask was closed but wasn't sterile if the flask was open

What did germ theory suggest

Germs were in the air

What else did Pasteur show with germ theory

Clean air from the countryside didn't carry bacteria but dirt air in city did

What did Pasteur do in 1878

Publish the germ theory of infection

What was germ theory

Germs causes decay

Who opposed germ theory

Dr Henry bastian

What was a flaw or Pasteur's theories

His research focused on how liquids like milk went sour so many didn't see the connection to humans

What theory did germ theory replace

Miasma theory

What did germ theory prove to wrong

Miasma theory , spontaneous generation , four humours theory

What long term effect did Pasteur cause

Cleanser hospitals , safer medical treatment , more vaccinations , survival rate in surgery

Who developed on Pasteur's work and applied it to humans

Robert Koch

What did Koch discover?

not all germs were the same

What did Koch discover 1882

Bacteria caused tuberculosis and a specific different microbe is present in every disease

What did Koch discover in 1883 and prove in 1884

Cholera was spread in water supplies

Who gave lectures on germ theory to British doctors opposing dr Henry bastian in the uk

John Tyndall

When did Tyndall give a lecture on germ theory

January 1870

Why did many people continue to believe in spontaneous generation in the uk

Bastian continued to believe this and he was so well respected so few people disagreed with him

What did koch begin

Bacteriology by developing the method of culturing bacteria in petridish with agar jelly )

What did Pasteur accidentally show in 1879

Vaccinations could prevent disease

What did Joseph Lister do?

Applied germ theory and linked it to infection by using antiseptic

Public health act 1848

To improve street cleanliness

Public Health Act of 1875

Mandatory for clean water ,proper sewage systems , rubbish on streets collected , appoint a medical officer of health

Second Reform Act (1867)

Gave the vote to more working class men

Great Stink (1858)

Stink of the Thames was so bad due to sewage and heat

Which engineer built a new sewer system of london (over 1300 miles of sewers )

Joseph bazalgette

What did Dr. Snow do?

Found what was causing cholera (it was the dirty water)He used spatial mapping

What helped dr snow

William Farr's statistics to see the link between cholera and dirty water

Where did most people live near in the cholera epidemic in 1854

The Broad Street water pump

What were the problems surgeons faced

Bleeding , infection , pain

Humphrey Davy (1795)

Nitrous oxide to numb pain with in dental surgery

Robert Liston

Used ether in an amputation in 1846- when amputating a leg

What did James Simpson do

Discovered chloroform 1847

Problem of chloroform

Had to be controlled doses (Hannah greener died from toe infection overdose 14year old )

Who used chloroform during childbirth in 1853, adding to its popularity?

Queen Victoria

What did Lister do?

created sterilization techniques to avoid infection (surgery room)

What did lister do 1865

Covered a wound of a patient with a bandage soaked in carbolic acid

When did lister publish the results of Jamie greenlees leg to publish in the medical journal 'lancet'

1867

Death rate change in lister patients

46% to 15%

Long term changes of antiseptics

Surgery went from antiseptic to aseptic

What did surgeons do now

Wore face masks surgical gowns and rubber gloves

What happened to surgical instruments

Steam sterilised

What happened to operating theatres to reduce infection

Decreased in size

Opposition towards anaesthetics and antiseptics

Initially increased death rate , pain was relief from god , many thought more likely to die if unconscious and still didn't understand germs

What did Florence Nightingale do?

Worked in the Crimean war in 1853 with 38 other nurses chosen by her to improve hygiene in hospitals

What book did Florence nightingale publish

Notes on nursing

How many wounded soldiers did Florence nightingale and co treat

2000

What did Florence nightingale reduce the mortality rate to

40% to 2%

What was set up in 1800

London college of surgeons

How much people died of smallpox 1796

3500

Inoculation (popular with aristocrats )

Putting pus from a mild form of smallpox

How much money did dr dimsdale make from inoculation

£10000

Edward Jenner theory

The milkmaid didn't get smallpox but caught mild case of cowpox (the 2 must be linked )

How did Jenner test his theory?(1796)

Infected an 8 year old boy (james Phipps ) with cowpox and then he didn't catch smallpox

When did Jenner publish his findings?

1798

Opposition to vaccination

The church thought it was against God's will and many doctors profited from inoculation as well as scientists in royal society disagreeing

Why did vaccination have a breakthrough

Parliament favoured it and in 1837 lancet blamed inoculation for smallpox outbreak so in 1840 inoculation was a crime

What happened in 1852 to then be enforced by the government in 1872

Vaccinations were made compulsory

Anti Jenner propaganda

Anti compulsory vaccination league in 1866

the royal jennerian society (vaccinated 12000 people in first 2 years

1803

Edwin Chadwick's Report

1842 ("Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population")

Laissez-faire

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

What was set up in 1800

London college of surgeons