pharmacognosy 6 - glycosides

Glycosides

Glycosides

Are acetals in which the hydroxyl group of the Sugar is condensed with the hydroxyl group of the Non sugar portion

Glycone

Sugar portion of Glycosides is called what?

Aglycone

Non Sugar portion of Glycosides is called what?

Anthraquinone Glycosides

A type of Glycosides that is use as a stimulant cathartics

Anthracene

What is the aglycone of Anthraquinone Glycosides?

Chrysarobin

Anthracene Glycosides are stimulant cathartics except for ___ as they are very irritating

Sacred Bark

Cascara Sagrada is also known as

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE

Cascara Sagrada Bark needs to be aged for 1 year to oxidize Emodin that is uses as a milder effect

Magnesium Oxide

If the patient is complaining because of the bitter taste of Cascara Sagrada treat with ___

1. O-glycosides (10-20%)

2. C- glycosides (80-90%)

Constituents that are present in Cascara Sagrada

Barbaloin

optical isomer of Cascarosides A and B

optical isomer of Cascarosides and

Casanthranol

purified mixture of anthranol glycosides

Buckthorn Bark

Frangula is known as

Frangula in a commercial preparation is known as

• CURACAO ALOE

• CAPE ALOE

Two types of Aloe

• Treatment of Burn

• Emollient (softens the skin)

• Cathartic

Uses of Aloe

Rheum

Rhubarb is also known as

• Chinese Rhubarb

• Indian or Himalayan Rhubarb

two types of Rhubarb

Rhein Anthrones

Active constituent that is isolated from the dried roots and rhizomes of Rhubarb

Senna

Cultivated in wet lands resembling rice paddies

Sennosides A, B, C, and D

Active constituent that is isolated from the leaflets of Senna that is more potent compared to Cascarosides

Goa Powder

This anthracene glycoside is not use as a cathartic, but it is use as a keralytic agent as it contains chrysarobin that is very irritating

Hot Benzene

Chrysarabon is isolated from Goa Powder using

Saponin Glycosides

• similar to sabon; foam upon shaking,

• fish poisons,

• beta-hemolytic,

• bitter acrid taste,

• Sternulatory

1. Neutral Saponins (Steroidal)

2. Acid Saponins

two types of Saponin Glycosides

Diosgenin

example of Neutral Saponins (Steroidal)

Ginsenoside

example of Acid Saponins (Steroidal)

Glycyrrhizin

active constituent that is isolated from roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza that is anti-inflammatory agent in dermatologicals

Glycyrrhetic acid

active constituent that is isolated from roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza that is as an anti-inflammatory agent in dermatologicals

1. Expectorant, demulcent

2. Mask the taste of bitter drugs (Quinine)

3. Added to BEER to increase its foaminess

4. Added to ROOTBEAR to impart a bitter taste

5. Treatment of Addison’s disease and PUD

Uses of Lacorice or Glycyrrhiza

Hypertension

Glycyrrhiza can cause Na+ H2O retention so it should not be recommended to patient with what condition?

Licorice

Glycyrrhiza is also known as

Dioscorea is al

Dioscorea floribunda

BEST source of steroids (according to US Department of Agriculture)

Hint: Boy Abunda

Botogenin

major precursor of glucocorticoids (ex. cortisone)

1. Korean or Asian Ginseng

2. American Ginseng

two types of Ginseng

• Aphrodisiac

• Adaptogen

• Tonic

Uses of Ginseng

• Amygdalin

• Prunasin

• Laetrile

Three types of Cyanophore or Cyanogenic Glycosides

Cyanophore or Cyanogenic Glycosides

yields hydrocyanic acid (TOXIC) / cyanide (inhibits Cytochrome oxidase)

Emulsin

collective term for amydalase + prunase

Laetrile

• aka Vitamin B17.

  • BANNED because it can be catalyze to cyanide (toxic to cancer & normal cells)

• Almond,

• Apricot,

• Wild Cherry,

• Cherry

Plant Sources of Cyanophore or Cyanogenic Glycosides

Rhamnus Purshianus, RHAMNACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Cascara Sagrada

Dried bark of Rhamnus frangula, RHAMNACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Frangula

Aloe barbadensis, LILIACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Curacao Aloe

• Aloe ferox + Aloe Africana, LILIACEAE

• Aloe spicata, LILIACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Cape Aloe

Cassia acutifolia, FABACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Alexandria Senna

Cassia angustifolia, FABACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Tinnevely Senna

Lysigenous wood of Andira araroba, FABACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Goa Powder

Roots and Rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra, FABACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Glycyrrhiza

• Roots of Dioscorea spiculiflora, DIOSCOREACEAE

• Dioscorea floribunda, DIOSCOREACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Dioscorea

Panax ginseng, ARALIACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Asian or Korean Ginseng

Panax quinquefolius, ARALIACEAE

Scientific and Family name American Ginseng

• Prunus Amygdalus, ROSACEAE

• Bitter almond: var AMARA

• Sweet almond: var DULCIS

Scientific and Family name of Almond

Prunus armeniaca, i

Scientific and Family name of Apricot

Prunus Serotina, ROSACEAE

Scientific and Family name of Wild Cherry

Prunus cerasus, ROSACEAE

Scientific and Family name Cherry