History: Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna

coup d’état

D: A french phrase that means “blow to the state”. S: ended the French Revolution and a new era of authorization rule under Napoleon. 

Plebiscite

D: a direct vote in which a country’s people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal. S: Napoleon used this type of government to help him succeed in his career. 

Lycée

D: a government-run public school in France. S: all men were allowed to go to school but women were not allowed to go to school. 

Concordat

D: a formal agreement— especially one between the pope and a government, dealing with the control of church affairs. S: Ending the conflict between the French state and Catholic Churches. 

Napoleonic Code

D: Napoleon Bonaparte's comprehensive system of laws. S: limited people’s rights but also promoted order making his term successful.

Battle of Trafalgar

D: an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon’s forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson. S: the next 100 years Napoleon was forced to give up his plans of invading Britain.

Blockade:

D: the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region. S: a blockade is a tactic that can be used against the enemy, taking away their food, weapons, supplies, by doing this the enemy starts getting exhausted leading to a surrender. 

Continental System

D: Napoleon’s policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain’s economy. S: While Napoleon was trying to defeat Great Britain it backfired onto him causing him to hurt his allies and is what mainly led him to his downfall.  

Guerrilla warfare

D: a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country. S: During the Napoleonic Wars guerilla allowed smaller troops to resist stronger enemies successfully. 

Peninsular War

 D: A conflict from 1808 to 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars fought in Spain and Portugal. S: This war severely weakened Napoleon's empire and resistance against his code began happening across Europe.

Nationalism

 D: the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation—that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history—rather than to a king or empire. S: Napoleon wanted his people to be loyal to their nation not as much to him.

scorched-earth policy

D: the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land. S: this tactic weakened enemy forces, Russia used this to succeed against Napoleon, and it showed how the environment and strategy could defeat even the best armies. 

Hundred Days

D: the brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French king and again becoming emperor of France. S: this was Napoleon’s last attempt to reign power, when he failed it ended his reign and the era of Napoleonic dominance came to an end. 

Waterloo

D: The last battle of the Napoleonic wars, fought on June 18, 1815. S: Marked the ending of Napoleon’s ruling.

Congress of Vienna

D: a series of meetings in 1814–1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon. S: shaped the political map of Europe after Napoleon's reign. 

Quadruple Alliance

Austria, Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom formed in alliance in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars in order to keep peace and a balance of power in Europe. S: It kept peace in Europe, along with preventing future French aggression towards Europe. 

Containment

 D: the act of keeping something within limits S: Limited France’s power after Napoleon's reign and also helped maintain the peace and balance of power for a century. 

balance of power

D: a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others. S: Prevented any single power from dominating Europe also while establishing a long period of peace, and it led to the Concert of Europe. 

Legitimacy

D: the hereditary right of a monarch to rule. S: It was a tool for restoring and preserving the old, conservative political order in Europe. 

Holy Alliance

D:  a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna. S: A symbolic expression of the reactionary and conservative principles that guided rulers through after the Napoleonic Wars. 

Concert of Europe

 D: a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions. S: Establish a new peaceful system of intentional relations and dominate the continent for around a century. 

Napoleon Bonaparte

D: An emperor of France after the Revolution ended. S: People liked him as a leader, during his career time in the military he helped lead soldiers into battle.

Duke of Wellington

D: A British general who led his army and other allied armies to victory over Napoleon at Waterloo. S: He was one of the main reasons Napoleon's reign came to an end, spread peace throughout Europe, was also a key political leader in Britain. 

Klemens von Metternich

 D: Austrian diplomat and statesman who played a big role in European politics. His reign lasted between 1809 to 1848, he was also the chief architect of the conservative order that dominated Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. S: he had a controversial role after the Napoleonic Wars.