Cardiovascular, Skeletal, and Respiratory Systems Review

Systemic Circulation

EXTERNAL LOOP, Delivers oxygenated blood to all body cells/tissues and removes waste.

Pulmonary Circulation

INTERNAL LOOP, Sends blood to lungs for gas exchange.

Heart Apex

Inferior, pointed end of the heart.

Myocardium

Thick, muscular middle layer of the heart.

Epicardium

Outer layer that reduces friction.

Endocardium

Inner lining of heart chambers.

How many chambers does the heart have?

4

2 Atrias in the Heart

Thin upper chambers receive blood returning to the heart through veins.

2 Ventricles in the Heart

Thick, muscular lower chambers receive blood from the atria above, then pump blood out of the heart through arteries.

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from vena cavae.

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins.

Right Ventricle

Pumps blood to lungs.

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Septum

Wall separating right and left sides of heart.

LEFT Atrioventricular valve (AKA Bicuspid/Mitral Valve)

AV valve on left side.

RIGHT Atrioventricular valve (AKA Tricuspid Valve)

AV valve on right side.

Aortic Valve

Semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Pulmonary Valve

Semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the aorta.

Chordae Tendineae

Fibrous cords preventing AV valve inversion; anchor flaps of the valve.

Papillary Muscles

Anchor chordae tendineae.

Coronary Arteries

Supply heart tissue with oxygen; blockage causes heart attack.

Fibrous Pericardium

Protective sac around heart.

Pericardial Cavity

Fluid

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation in bone marrow.

Axial Skeleton

Head, neck, trunk, skull, Hyoid Bone, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

Limbs + girdles.

Epiphysis

End of bone.

Diaphysis

Shaft of long bone.

Articular Cartilage

Cartilage covering bone ends.

Periosteum

Tough outer membrane covering outside bone.

Medulla

Within Diaphysis, contains bone marrow and blood is supplied here.

Medullary Cavity

Hollow space containing yellow marrow.

Endosteum

Lining of the Medullary Cavity (Epithelial).

Red Marrow

Produces blood cells.

Yellow Marrow

Fat storage.

Compact (AKA Cortical) Bone

Dense outer bone tissue, wall of diaphysis.

Spongy (AKA Cancellous) Bone

Porous tissue in epiphyses containing red marrow.

Sharpey's Fibers

Finger

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells in lacunae.

Lacunae

Chambers holding osteocytes.

Lamellae

Rings of bone matrix.

Haversian Canal

Central canal with blood vessels.

Canaliculi

Tiny canals connecting osteocytes.

Osteoblasts

Build bone.

Osteoclasts

Break down bone.

Fibrous Joint

Immovable joint (skull sutures).

Cartilaginous Joint

Slightly movable (vertebrae).

Synovial Joint

Freely movable (knee, elbow).

Ball

and

Hinge Joint

Knee, elbow.

Pivot Joint

Lower arm, Ulna and radius.

Saddle Joint

Thumb.

Gliding Joint

Jaw, wrist, ankle.

Gomphosis

Tooth socket.

Cervical Vertebrae

C1

Thoracic Vertebrae

T1

Lumbar Vertebrae

L1

True Ribs

First 7 pairs.

False Ribs

Next 3 pairs.

Floating Ribs

Last 2 pairs.

Scapula

Shoulder blade.

Clavicle

Collarbone.

Radius

Forearm bone that aligns with thumb.

Ulna

Forearm bone aligning with pinky.

Carpals

8 wrist bones.

Metacarpals

Hand bones.

Phalanges

Finger and toe bones.

Femur

Thigh bone.

Tibia

Large shin bone.

Fibula

Smaller shin bone.

Tarsals

Ankle bones.

Calcaneus

Heel bone.

Osteoporosis

Porous bone from increased osteoclast activity.

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency causing weak bones.

Osteosarcoma

Bone cancer common in teens.

Scoliosis

Lateral spine curvature.

Kyphosis

Hunchback curve.

Lordosis

Swayback curve.

FOP

Soft tissues turn into bone.

External Respiration

Gas exchange between lungs and blood (air → blood).

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and tissues (blood → tissues).

Cellular Respiration

Cells use Oxygen to make ATP.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

Nasal Cavity

Hollow space behind the nose.

Nasal septum

Divides the nose (bone).

Deviated septum

When the septum bends to one side, results in the nose being crooked.

Mucus Membrane

Warms and moistens air, also traps particles (dust).

Nasal Conchae

Bones that divide the nasal cavity; Increase surface area, warm & filter air.

Paranasal Sinuses

Air spaces within skull bones that reduce weight of skull.

Pharynx

Space behind the oral cavity, between the nasal cavity and larynx.

Larynx

Voice box; contains vocal cords, composed of muscles and cartilage at the top of trachea.

Glottis

Part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords.

Epiglottis

Prevents food from entering airway.

Trachea

Flexible cylinder with cartilage to give it stiffness and keep it from collapsing and leads to Bronchial Tree.

Bronchi

Trachea → Primary Bronchi → Secondary Bronchi → Tertiary Bronchi → Bronchioles.

Bronchioles

Smaller branches with alveoli.

Alveoli

Air sacs for gas exchange via diffusion connected to circulatory system via capillaries

Lungs

Spongy tissue that sit within the pleural cavity

Diaphragm

Major breathing muscle, moves down, forcing air into airways