Patho

Respiratory Tract Infections

Infections affecting the upper (nose, pharynx, larynx) and lower (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles & alveoli) respiratory tracts.

Acute Rhinosinusitis

Sinusitis that develops when an upper respiratory infection or allergic rhinitis causes mucus obstruction, lasting anywhere from 5-7 days to 4 weeks.

Common Cold

A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract characterized by nasal dryness/stuffiness and excessive secretions.

Influenza Type A

A viral infection that affects humans, pigs, horses, and birds, known for causing epidemics and pandemics due to its antigenic shift.

Pneumonia

An infection characterized by inflammation of the lungs, classified according to causative agent, infection distribution, and setting.

Typical Pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by bacteria that multiply extracellularly in alveoli, leading to inflammation and fluid exudation.

Bronchopneumonia

A type of pneumonia that involves a patchy infection affecting more than one lobe of the lung.

Tuberculosis

An infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, characterized by a cell-mediated immune response around bacteria.

Childhood Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

A condition in premature infants due to pulmonary immaturity and lack of surfactant.

Croup (Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis)

A viral infection affecting the larynx and trachea; characterized by stridor and a barking cough.

Antigenic Shift

The process by which influenza viruses develop new surface antigens, making them unrecognizable to the immune system.

First Generation Antiviral Drugs

Antiviral medications effective against influenza A, including amantadine and rimantadine.

Chronic Rhinosinusitis

A condition lasting beyond 12 weeks characterized by facial pain, nasal discharge, and loss of smell.

Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

A bacterial infection that follows a viral respiratory infection, common in cases of influenza.

Deep-Seated Fungal Infections

Highly virulent fungi that invade deep tissues and cause systemic diseases.

Hyaline Membrane Disease

Common respiratory disease in premature infants due to lack of surfactant, causing alveolar collapse.

Parainfluenza Virus

A virus responsible for most cases of croup in children aged 3 months to 5 years.

Acute Bronchiolitis

A viral infection primarily affecting infants under 2 years of age, characterized by rapid, shallow breathing and wheezing.

Respiratory Infections in Children

Common infections that can affect both the upper and lower airway, leading to conditions like croup and bronchiolitis.